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• Aristotle was one of the first to study human memory that dates back to
at least 2000 years in his treatise “On the Soul”. In this, he compared the
human mind to a blank slate and theorized that all humans are born free
of any knowledge and are merely the sum of their experiences.
WHO RESEARCHED ABOUT IT FIRST?
• It was not only until the mid-1880s that a young German philosopher
Herman Ebbinghaus developed the first scientific approach to studying
memory.
• He conducted experiments using lists of nonsense syllables and then
associating them with meaningful words. He also uncovered the concepts
of the learning curve and forgetting curve and the three classifications of
the three distinct types of memory: sensory, short-term and long-term.
WAYS OF MEASURING RETENTION
• However, it only holds it for a very brief period, generally for no longer
than a second. In order for that information to be retained for longer, it
has to continue onto short-term memory.
• Most of the information that gets into sensory memory is forgotten. It
never makes its way into the second stage of memory because it was
never attended to. To get information into short-term memory, you need
to attend to it – meaning consciously paying attention to it.
SENSORY MEMORY
• Short-term memory not only has a limited time, it also has a limited
capacity. It is believed to only hold a few items. Research shows the
number is around 7 +/- 2 items.
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• The information can last in your long-term memory for hours, days,
months, or even years. Although you may forget some information after
you learn it, other things will stay with you forever.
LONG TERM MEMORY
• Episodic memory refers to the firsthand experiences that you have had
(e.g. episodes or events in your life). For example, you may remember
your 16th birthday party or your first basketball game.
• Semantic memory refers to knowledge of facts and concepts about the
world. For example, you may remember the names of presidents or how
to multiple two numbers.
LONG TERM MEMORY
Implicit memory
• Implicit memory refers to knowledge that we cannot consciously access. It
is remembering without awareness.
• For example, you may remember how to ride a bike or walk, but it is
difficult to explain how you do it.
FUNCTIONS OF MEMORY
• Memory is the faculty of the brain by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
when needed.
• Memory is vital to experiences, it is the retention of information over time for the
purpose of influencing future action. If we could not remember past events, we could not
learn or develop language, relationships, or personal identity
(Eysenck, 2012).
FUNCTIONS OF MEMORY
• Memory is the faculty of the brain by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
when needed.
• Memory is vital to experiences, it is the retention of information over time for the
purpose of influencing future action. If we could not remember past events, we could not
learn or develop language, relationships, or personal identity
(Eysenck, 2012).
• There are three functions such as Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval.
ENCODING
• There are two main types of memory retrieval: recall and recognition.
• In recall, the information must be retrieved from memories.
• Recall may be assisted when retrieval cues are presented that enable the
subject to quickly access the information in memory.
RETRIEVAL
• Memory retrieval can occur in several different ways, and there are many
things that can affect it, such as how long it has been since the last time
you retrieved the memory, what other information you have learned in
the meantime, and many other variables.
IMPROVING MEMORY
• McLeod, S. (2013) Stages of Memory: Encoding Storage and Retrieval. Simply Psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/memory.html
• Memory Retrieval: Recognition and Recall. Lumen Learning.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/step-3-memory-retrieval/
• C. K, (2018) How Information Retrieval From Memory Works. Verywell Mind.
https://www.verywellmind.com/memory-retrieval-279500
SOURCES
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory
• http://online.sfsu.edu/psych200/unit4/43.htm
• Bustos, A., Malolos, N., Ramirez, A., Ramos, E., Bustos-Orosa, Ma. A. (1999). Introduction to
Psychology 3rd Edition
• Sanchez, C. A., Abad, P. F., Jao, L. (1996). General Psychology
• Tria, G. E., Limpingco, D. A., Jao, L. (1998). Psychology of Learning
• http://thepeakperformancecenter.com/educational-learning/learning/memory/stages-of-memory/