INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL CELL

PARTS
FUNCTIONS
 FILM SHOWING
• Introduction to Cells - YouTube.MKV
• Biology- Cell Structure - YouTube_2.MKV
ANIMAL CELL
 ANIMAL CELL IN 3D
• 3D CELLS.mp4
 GROUP ACTIVITY
LET US IDENTIFY THE PARTS, CELL ORGANELLES AND IT’S FUNCTION.

• Group 1 ( Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA, Nucleus )

• Group 2 (Nucleolus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER & SER), Transport
Vesicles)
• Group 3 ( Golgi body, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton)
 WHAT IS A CELL ?
• The cell is the basic unit of life, the basic building blocks of all living things. All
organisms, whether they are made of one cell or trillions of cells, are
organized around this basic unit. Each cell has certain parts that help it carry
out life processes. Trillions of cells in your body work together to keep you
alive.
• Life is not possible without the existence of cell
• Without cell the Earth would be a barren wasteland devoid of life
CATEGORIES OF CELL
•Cells are divided into two main category,
according to the way their genetic
material is organized
EUKARYOTIC CELLS – (GREEK; EU, TRUE), HAS A NUCLEUS
THAT HOUSES ITS DNA. IT CONTAINS ORGANELLES AND
OTHER SPECIAL PARTS. MORE ADVANCED COMPLEX
CELLS, SUCH AS THOSE FOUND IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Prokaryotic cells (Greek; pro, before, and karyon,
kernelor nucleus) are so named because they lack a
membrane-bounded nucleus. Their DNA is located in
a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid and
lacks cell organelles. Organisms that have prokaryotic
cells are unicellular and called prokaryotes. Bacteria
are prokaryotes. .
PARTS OF THE CELL (ANIMAL CELL)
• Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane – Sets the boundary
of the cell. Most importantly, the cell membrane controls
the flow of materials in and out of the cell.
CYTOPLASM – THE JELLYLIKE MATERIAL THAT MAKES UP
MUCH OF A CELL INSIDE THE CELL MEMBRANE, AND, IN
EUKARYOTIC CELLS, SURROUNDS THE NUCLEUS. THE
ORGANELLES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS ARE CONTAINED IN
THE CYTOPLASM
GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) THAT PROVIDES THE
INFORMATION NEEDED FOR CELLULAR ACTIVITIES,
INCLUDING GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION
CELL ORGANELLES (MEANS LITTLE ORGAN. SPECIALIZED
PARTS OF THE CELL THAT HAVE A UNIQUE JOBS TO
PERFORM)
• Nucleus – contains DNA (genetic material), which dictates what to do and how
to do it. Also in the nucleus are the chromatin materials. They contain the
hereditary information that determines the traits of an organism.
NUCLEOLUS – SPHERICAL STRUCTURE NEAR THE CENTER
OF THE CELL WHICH IS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION
OF RIBOSOMES. ALSO CONTAINS COMPLEX MOLECULES
OF RNA, DNA AND PROTEINS. MALFUNCTION OF
NUCLEOLI CAN BE THE CAUSE OF SEVERAL HUMAN
CONDITIONS CALLED "NUCLEOLOPATHIES" AND THE
NUCLEOLUS IS BEING INVESTIGATED AS A TARGET
FOR CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY.
RIBOSOMES – MANUFACTURING UNITS WHERE PROTEINS
ARE MADE. THEY PRODUCE DIFFERENT PROTEINS NEEDED
BY THE CELL ACCORDING TO THE INSTRUCTIONS IN THE
NUCLEUS.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - (ER) IS A NETWORK OF
TUBULES AND FLATTENED SACS THAT SERVE A
VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS AND AN
IMPORTANT ORGANELLE IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS. IT
PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN THE PRODUCTION,
PROCESSING, AND TRANSPORT
OF PROTEINS AND LIPIDS. THE ER PRODUCES
TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS AND LIPIDS FOR ITS
MEMBRANE AND FOR MANY OTHER CELL
COMPONENTS INCLUDING LYSOSOMES, SECRETORY
VESICLES, THE GOLGI APPARATUS, AND THE CELL
MEMBRANE.
TWO TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) – Membrane that don’t have ribosome. The
smooth ER has a wide range of functions including carbohydrate and lipid synthesis.
Lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol are necessary for the construction of cell
membranes. Smooth E R (SER) is associated with the production and metabolism of
fats and steroid hormones. It is ‘smooth’ because it is not studded with ribosomes and
is associated with smooth slippery fats. In liver cells the smooth ER produces enzymes
that help to detoxify certain compounds. Smooth ER also plays a large part in
detoxifying a number of organic chemicals converting them to safer water-soluble
products.
Large amounts of smooth ER are found in liver cells where one of its main functions is
to detoxify products of natural metabolism and to endeavour to detoxify overloads
of ethanol derived from excess alcoholic drinking and also barbiturates from drug
overdose. To assist with this, smooth ER can double its surface area within a few days,
returning to its normal size when the assault has subsided. In muscles the smooth ER
assists in the contraction of muscle cells, and in brain cells it synthesizes male and
female hormones.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) – The membranes with
attached ribosomes giving it a “rough” appearance hence it
name. Rough ER (RER) is involved in some protein production,
protein folding, quality control and despatch. Ribosomes on the
rough endoplasmic reticulum are called ‘membrane bound’ and
are responsible for the assembly of many proteins. This process is
called translation. Certain cells of the pancreas and digestive tract
produce a high volume of protein as enzymes. Many of the
proteins are produced in quantity in the cells of the pancreas and
the digestive tract and function as digestive enzymes.
TRANSPORT VESICLES – WHICH EMERGE FROM
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CAN MOVE MOLECULES
BETWEEN LOCATIONS INSIDE THE CELL, SUCH AS
PROTEINS AND OTHER MATERIALS
GOLGI BODY – OTHER PROTEINS ARE MOVED BY THE ER
IN GOLGI BODIES FOR MORE PROCESSING “FINISHING”.
HERE PROTEINS ARE SYNTHESIZE IN THE FORM THE CELL
CAN USE. THE GOLGI BODIES ARE ALSO THE PACKAGING
AND SHIPPING CENTERS IN THE CELL. IT DELIVERS SOME
OF THE PACKAGED SUBSTANCES TO THE CELL MEMBRANE
FOR EXPORT VIA VESICLES. OTHER PACKAGES ARE SENT
TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE CELL FOR USE.
VACUOLES – FLUID FILLED ORGANELLES WHICH SERVES
AS A STORAGE AREAS OF WATER, FOOD AND WASTES.
• Lysosome – The site of digestion inside the cell. Contains enzyme that
destroy worn – out parts of the cell, which fuse with lysosome and are
either stored or broken down. These organelles are also called the
“suicide bags”. When the cell is old and has to be replaced, the
lysosome breaks and the enzyme they contain digest the components of
the cell eventually killing the cell. Thus, the term suicide bags. Enzymes
of the lysosomes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic
reticulum. Synthesis of lysosomal enzymes is controlled by nuclear
genes. Mutations in the genes for these enzymes are responsible for
more than 30 different human genetic disorders, which are collectively
known as lysosomal storage diseases. These genetic defects are related
to several neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
and ageing-related diseases.
MITOCHONDRIA - ARE KNOWN AS THE POWERHOUSES
OF THE CELL. THEY ARE ORGANELLES THAT ACT LIKE A
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM WHICH TAKES IN NUTRIENT, BREAKS
THEM DOWN, AND CREATES ENERGY RICH MOLECULES
FOR THE CELL. THE BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES OF THE CELL
ARE KNOWN AS CELLULAR RESPIRATION. MITOCHONDRIA
GENERATE MOST OF THE CELL'S SUPPLY OF ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP), USED AS A SOURCE OF CHEMICAL
ENERGY.
CYTOSKELETON – IS A COMPLEX NETWORK OF
FILAMENTS AND TUBULES GIVING THE CELL SHAPE.
(COMPARE THE HUMAN SKELETON WHICH GIVE
FRAMEWORK TO THE BODY)
CHECKING OF GROUP
ACTIVITY
 (ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES)

1. The students will list things that may damage cells. Also,
they will enumerate things that may protect cells
against damage.
2. Why is it important to study cells and how it work?
3. Why are cells important in life?
 FURTHER STUDIES

1. Write an essay about Stem Cells and Cancer. You can choose
among the two.
2. Cite things how it could affect our lives.
GOOD JOB CELL BIOLOGIST!!!