Çengel

Boles Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics

An Engineering
Approach
Third Edition

Yunus A. Çengel
Michael A. Boles
Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill
WCB/McGraw-Hill ©
© The
The McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill Companies,
Companies, Inc.,1998
Inc.,1998
 Çengel
Boles
CHAPTER

1
Thermodynamics

Basic
Concepts of
Thermodynamics

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 1-1
Applications of
Thermodynamics

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

The human body

Air-conditioning Airplanes
systems

Car radiators Power plants Refrigeration systems

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 1-2

Crossing Closed-System Boundries

Energy, not mass, crosses closed-system boundries

(Fig. 1-13)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-3
Closed System with Moving
Boundry

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-4
Crossing Control Volume
Boundaries
Mass and Energy Cross Control Volume Boundaries

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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-5

System’s Internal Energy

System’s Internal Energy = Sum of Microscopic Energies

(Fig. 1-19)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-6
Quasi-Equilibrium,
Work-Producing Devices
Quasi-Equilibrium, Work-Producing Devices Deliver the Most Work

(Fig. 1-30)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-7
Compressed Process P-V
Diagram

(Fig. 1-31)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-8
Absolute, Gage, and Vacuum
Pressures

(Fig. 1-36)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-9
The Basic Manometer

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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-10
Temperature Scales Comparison

(Fig. 1-48)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-11
Many Ways to Supply the Same
Energy
Ways to supply a room with energy equalling a 300-W electric resistance heater

(Fig. 1-52)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 1-12
Bomb Calorimeter Used to
Determine Energy Content of Food

(Fig. 1-53)
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Thermodynamics

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 1-13
Chapter Summary

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Thermodynamics

• Thermodynamics is the science that primarily

deals with energy.

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 1-14
Chapter Summary

• The first law of thermodynamics is simply an

Çengel
Boles expression of the conservation of energy
Thermodynamics

principle, and it asserts that energy is a

thermodynamic property.
• The second law of thermodynamics asserts
that energy has quality as well as quantity, and
actual processes occur in the direction of
decreasing quality of energy.

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 1-15
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• A system of fixed mass is called a closed
Thermodynamics

system, or control mass, and a system that

involves mass transfer across its boundaries
is called an open system, or control volume.

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 1-16
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The mass-dependent properties of a system
Thermodynamics

are called extensive properties and the others,

intensive properties. Density is mass per unit
volume, and specific volume is volume per unit
mass.

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 1-17
Chapter Summary

Çengel
• The sum of all forms of energy of a system is
Boles called total energy, which is considered to
Thermodynamics

consist of internal, kinetic, and potential

energies. Internal energy represents the
molecular energy of a system and may exist in
sensible, latent, chemical, and nuclear forms.

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 1-18
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• A system is said to be in thermodynamic
Thermodynamics

equilibrium if it maintains thermal, mechanical,

phase, and chemical equilibrium.

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 1-19
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • Any change from one state to another is called
Thermodynamics

a process.
• A process with identical end states is called a
cycle.

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 1-20
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• During a quasi-static or quasi-equilibrium
Thermodynamics

process, the system remains practically in

equilibrium at all times.

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 1-21
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The state of a simple, compressible system is
Thermodynamics

completely specified by two independent,

intensive properties.

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 1-22
Chapter Summary

Çengel • Force per unit area is called pressure, and its

Boles
unit is the pascal. The absolute, gage, and
Thermodynamics

vacuum pressures are related by

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 1-23
Chapter Summary

• Small to moderate pressure differences are

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Boles
measured by a manometer, and a differential
fluid column of height h corresponds to a
Thermodynamics

pressure difference of

where  is the fluid density and g is the local

gravitational acceleration.

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 1-24
Chapter Summary

Çengel • The atmospheric pressure is measured by a

Boles barometer and is determined from
Thermodynamics

where h is the height of the liquid column

above the free surface.

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 1-25
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that
Thermodynamics

two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both

have the same temperature reading even if
they are not in contact.

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 1-26
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The temperature scales used in the SI and the
Thermodynamics

English system today are the Celsius scale

and the Fahrenheit scale, respectively.

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 1-27
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The absolute temperature scale in the SI is the
Thermodynamics

Kelvin scale, which is related to the Celsius

scale by

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 1-28
Chapter Summary

Çengel • In the English system, the absolute

Boles
temperature scale is the Rankine scale, which
Thermodynamics

is related to the Fahrenheit scale by

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 1-29
Chapter Summary

• The magnitudes of each division of 1 K and

Çengel 1 0C are identical, and so are the magnitude of
Boles
each division of 1 R and 10F. Therefore,
Thermodynamics

and

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 1-30
Chapter Summary

Çengel
• An important application area of
Boles thermodynamics is the biological system.
Thermodynamics

Most diets are based on the simple energy

balance: the net energy gained by a person in
the form of fat is equal to the difference
between the energy intake from food and the
energy expended by exercise.

Third Edition

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