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ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
All you need to be an inventor is a good
imagination and a pile of junk.
-Thomas Edison
OBJECTIVES
Cape syllabus: unit 2 – Electricity and
magnetism – electrical quantities
Use equation Q=It to solve problems
Define the ‘coulomb’
Define the ‘volt’
Use the equation V=W/Q to solve problems
Use the equation V=IR to solve problems
Use the equations P=IV, P=I2R, P=V2/R to solve
problems
OBJECTIVES
Q It
The unit of charge is the Coulomb
There are 6.25 x 1018 protons in 1 C.
THE COULOMB
•It’s named after the French physicist, Charles Coulomb,
who did research on charges in the mid and late 1700’s.
• An electron has a charge of -1.6 10-19 C.
• A proton has a charge of +1.6 10-19 C.
• One coulomb of charge is defined as the charge that flows
in one second, when the current in the wire is one ampere.
1C 1A 1s
CHARLES AUGUSTIN DE COULOMB
French scientist
and engineer
DRIFT VELOCITY
5
BASIC QUANTITIES - VOLTAGE
• Vab = 1 volt states that the potential of point a (voltage at
point a) is l volt (positive) with respect to point b.
+ .
a
v=4v
.
vab = 4 v v=4v
- b
+
The negative sign for 6 v
v = -6 v indicates that if the red lead of a
voltmeter is placed on + terminal
-
and the black lead on the – terminal
the meter will read downscale or –6v.
A digital meter would read –6 v.
What would an analog meter do?
7
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Voltage
w (2)
v
q
This can be expressed in differential form as,
dw
v (3)
dq
w: energy in joules q: charge in coulombs
8
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Power
Power is defined as the time rate of change of doing work. We
express this as,
dw (3)
p
dt
We can write equation (3) as follows:
dw dq (4)
p vi
dq dt
p0 (5)
10
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Power and Energy
When we pay our electric bills we pay for (watt)(hours) but
because this is such as large number we usually think kWH.
Cost of 1 kWH is approx. 4 – 8 cents.
A profile of the power you use during a day may be as shown below.
The energy we pay for is the area under the power-time curve.
t t
11
w pdt t vidt (6)
to o
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Power
We adopt a passive sign convention in order to define the sign of
supplied power and the sign of absorbed power. Consider the following.
I
+ +
source vs load
vL
_ _
+ - +
14
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements:
For the present time we will be concerned only with sources. The types
of sources we consider are independent and dependent.
15
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Ideal independent voltage source
Most often
Sometimes
v(t) +
_ used E used
16
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Ideal independent current sources
V=?
17
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Comments about ideal model
18
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Dependent voltage source
10 20
Iy
30
A circuit with a current
+ 12 controlled dependent
5V _ 10Iy
voltage source.
19
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Dependent current source
30
+ A circuit with a voltage
5V
+_ 4vx vx 12 controlled dependent
_ current source
20
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Power Balance Examples:
You are given the circuit shown below.
8V _
20 V _
+ +
2A
_
+_ 0.5Ix 4V
24 V _ +
Ix = 4 A