Structure and Functions of Cells

of the Nervous System

dr. Alvi Milliana
 Structure and Functions of Cells of the
Nervous System

 Cells of the Nervous System

 Communication Within a Neuron
 Communication Between Neurons
 Cells of the
Nervous System
Structure and Functions of Cells of the
Nervous System

Sensory Neuron

Motor Neuron

Interneuron
Basic Divisions of the Nervous System

Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous

System (CNS) System (PNS)
• Brain and spinal • Part of nervous
cord system outside
brain and spinal
cord, including
nerves attached
to brain and spinal
cord
CNS and PNS
Cells of the Nervous System

Basic Structure

• Soma
• Dendrite
• Synapse
• Axon
• Terminal Buttons
 • Badan sel
Soma • Berisi nukleus dan organela sel
• Menjalankan proses kehidupan sel

• Bercabang seperti pohon

Dendrit • Penerima pesan dan meneruskan ke neuron lain

• Dilapisi selubung mielin

• Pesan berupa aksi potensial (AP)
Akson • Memiliki ujing berupa terminal button (kenop
ujung)

Terminal • Menyekresi neurotransmiter (NT) sewaktu AP

melewatinya
button • NT bisa meneruskan atau menghambat pesan
NEURONS

Sinapsis
Cells of the Nervous System: Neurons
Types of
Neurons
• Multipolar Neuron
• Bipolar Neuron
• Unipolar Neuron
 Unipolar neuron

Multipolar neuron

Bipolar neuron
SINAPS
NEUROTRANSMITER

Neurotransmitter

• Chemical released by
terminal button that has
excitatory or inhibitory
effect on another neuron
Overview of Synaptic Connections Between
Neurons
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE
NEURONS
AXOPLASM TRANSPORT
AXOPLASM TRANSPORT
 SUPPORTER CELLS

NEUROGLIA

ASTROCYTES OLIGODENDROCYTES MICROGLIA

ASTROCYTES
 Oligodendrocyte

Naked portion of
myelinated axon
between adjacent
oligodendroglia or
Schwann cells
SCHWANN CELLS
Oligodendrocyte VS Schwann Cells
 Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Blood-Brain Barrier: Semi-permeable barrier
between the CNS and circulatory system, which
helps to regulate the flow of nutrient rich fluid
into the brain
BBB in Postrema Area
Communication within
a Neuron
 Communication within a Neuron
An Overview

In the next two figures (and in subsequent figures that illustrate

simple neural circuits) multipolar neurons are depicted in
shorthand fashion as several-sided stars.

The points of these stars

The sensory neuron in represent dendrites, and
this example detects only one or two terminal
painful stimuli. buttons are shown at the
end of the axon.
 Withdrawal Reflex

Components of a Simple Withdrawal Reflex

Sensory Neuron
Motor Neuron
Interneuron
 Inhibition

Inhibition in the Withdrawal Reflex

Brain input prevents the withdrawal reflex by decreasing activity of the
motor neuron.
 Communication within a Neuron

Electrode Microelectrode

• Conductive • Very fine

medium used to electrode,
apply electrical generally used
stimulation or to to record activity
record electrical of individual
potentials neurons
 Communication Within a Neuron
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons

Membrane Potential Resting Potential

Membrane potential of
Electrical charge across neuron not being altered by
cell membrane excitatory or inhibitory
postsynaptic potentials
 Communication Within a Neuron
The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces

Intracellular Fluid Has

Higher Levels of:
• Organic Anions (A-)
• Potassium Ions (K+)

Extracellular Fluid
Has Higher Levels
of:
• Chloride Ions (Cl-)
• Sodium Ions (Na+)
How is Electrical Charge Measured?

Figure 2.15 Measuring Electrical Charge

Studying the Axon
 Communication Within a Neuron

Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons

Depolarization Hyperpolarized

Reduction (toward Increase in the

zero) of the membrane potential
membrane potential of cell
Communication Within a Neuron

Action Potential: Brief

electrical impulse that
provides basis for
conduction of
information along an
axon
Threshold of
Excitation:
Value of membrane
potential that must be
reached to produce an
action potential
Figure 2.17 An Action
Potential
Communication within a Neuron

• Diffusion
• Electrostatic
Pressure
Force of • Sodium–
Diffusion Potassium
Transporter
Sodium-Potassium Transporter
 Communication Within a Neuron
The Action Potential
• Occurs when the cell is depolarized to the threshold of excitation

• Largely dependent
upon movement
of Na+ and K+
ions through
special pores
in the membrane
called ion channels

Let’s look on the next slide at ion movements during the action
potential.
Ion Movement During the Action

What do you
see?
 Communication Within a Neuron
Conduction of the Action Potential

• All-or-None Law

• Rate Law

Figure 2.23 Conduction of the Action

Potential
Communication Within a Neuron
Cable Properties: Passive conduction of electrical
current, in a decremental fashion, down an axon

Figure 2.25 Decremental Conduction

Communication Between Neurons
Structure of Synapses

Postsynaptic Potential
• Alterations in membrane potential of postsynaptic
neuron; produced by liberation of neurotransmitter at
synapse

Binding Site
• Location on receptor protein to which ligand binds

Dendritic Spine
• Small bud on the surface of a dendrite, with which a
terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse
Communication Within a Neuron
Saltatory Conduction: Conduction of action
potentials by myelinated axons; action potential
appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the
next

Conduction
Figure 2.26 Saltatory
…to be continued