Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Technology

Project Status Review

Semester: 7th EE (Group No: 2)

Project I (2170001)

Prapared By:
(150750109012) Umang Parmar
(150750109021) Shubham Patel
Internal Guide: Prof. Sweety chokshi (150750109020) Mihir Patel
(150750109017) Darshan Patel

Electrical Engineering Department

SVBIT Gandhinagar
Design & Implementation of H-Bridge
Inverter for Domestic Appliances

 Introduction
 Abstract
 Literature review
 Methodology
 Reference
Introduction

A Inverter is a power electronic device which is

capable of providing desired alternating voltage level
at the output using multiple lower level DC voltages as
an input.
An inverter also named as power inverter is an
electrical power device which is used to convert DC to
AC using few control circuit and switches one can get ac
at any requried voltage and frequency.
Inverter plays exactly the opposite role of rectifier.
 DC AC
Supply Supply

A common use of the H bridge is an

inverter.
 The arrangement is sometimes known as a
single-phase bridge inverter.
The H bridge with a DC supply will generate
a square wave voltage waveform across the
load.

H-Bridge Inverter
 Abstract

 In the h-bridge inverter, the main focus is done on FFT analysis of

output voltage of cascade h-bridge inverter employing selective
harmonic elimination method.

In selective harmonic elimination method particular order of

harmonic is selected and based on it,width of pulse is decided so that
out put voltage will be free from that harmonics.

Also focus is done on improving the efficiency of the h-bridge

inverter,and the quality of the out put voltagewaveform.

Selective harmonic elimination method is used to reduce the total

harmonics distortion (THD) value and to eliminate the lower order
harmonics.
 This tropolgy is suitable for any number of levels. It reduces cost and
complexity hence it is used for home as well as industies appliances.

In this method fifth and seventh harmonics have been eliminated.

Simulation work is done by using the matlab software.

Block Diagram Inverter
MATLAB DIAGRAM
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
Circuit Diagram inverter
Output Waveform of 3 level Inverter
H-Bridge Inverter Filtering Output
Waveform
METHODOLOGY

Different method for the done the H-Bridge

Inverter is

1. External voltage control of AC output voltage

2. External control of DC input voltage

3. Internal control of Inverter

( A ) Series inverter control ( Multiple Inverter Control)
( B ) Pulse width modulation ( PWM )
• Single Pulse Width Modulation
• Multiple Pulse Width Modulation
• Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
( 1 ) EXTERNAL VOLTAGE CONTROL OF AC
OUTPUT VOLTAGE

•The AC voltage controller is connected between load and inverter

output.

•The load voltage is controlled by controlling firing angle of ac

voltage controller.

•As the harmonics is produced in the output voltage, this method is

used for low power application.
( 2 ) EXTERNAL CONTROL OF DC INPUT VOLTAGE

•The chopper is connected between inverter and DC input source when

the input supply is DC. The output voltage of inverter changes due to
change in chopper output voltage.

•When the input supply is ac, the ac to dc conversion is done

by controlled rectifier. The DC voltage is adjusted by controlling firing
angle of controlled rectifier. This will result in output voltage of
inverter is also adjustable.

•When the input voltage is ac, the ac output voltage is controlled by ac

voltage controller. The ac to dc conversion is done by uncontrolled
rectifier therefore the inverter output voltage is adjustable.

•When the input voltage is ac, the uncontrolled rectifier converts ac

into dc. The chopper converts fixed dc into variable dc supply and the
output of chopper is feed to input of the inverter.
( 3 ) INTERNAL CONTROL OF INVERTER
•When load is connected at the output of inverter, the output voltage of
inverter is controlled by internal control of inverter.
•There are following methods of internal control of inverter voltage.
( A ) Series inverter control ( Multiple Inverter Control )
•This method is also called as multiple inverter control.
•There are two or more than two inverters connected in series in this method.
•The output of the inverter is connected with primary winding of
thetransformer whereas the load is connected to the secondary winding of the
transformer.
•Let the secondary voltage of the transformer is V1 and V2 , therefore the load
voltage is
V = √ ( V1 )2 + ( V2 )2 + 2V1V2 Sinα
Where α = firing angle of inverter
If α = 0o
V = √ ( V1 )2 + ( V2 )2 + 2V1V2
= √ ( V1 + V2 )2
OR
V = ( V1 + V2 )
If α = π
V = √ ( V1 )2 + ( V2 )2 – 2V1V2
= √ ( V1 – V2 )2
OR
V = ( V1 – V2 )
The load voltage can be changed by changing the firing angle of the inverter.
( B ) Pulse width modulation ( PWM )

•This is most efficient method of inverter output voltage control.

•The constant DC input voltage is applied at the input of the inverter
and output voltage is controlled by switching semiconductor device of
the inverter in this method.
There are following advantages of the pulse width modulation
techniques
•There are no necessary of any extra components to control output
voltage of inverter.
•As the low order harmonics ( 3rd, 5th ) reduces whereas higher order
harmonics ( 7th , 9th and 11th ) are filter out, less requirement of filter.
Disadvantages of pulse width modulation techniques
•As the switching semiconductor device requires low turn on and turn
off time, cost of semiconductor device increases.
METHODS OF PWM CONTROL

SINGLE PULSE WIDTH MODULATION ( SPWM )

•As the semiconductor device receives only one pulse during one half cycle, one
semiconductor device is switched on.
•The output voltage of the inverter can be controlled by controlling width of pulse.
•Figure H shows the gate signal and output voltage waveform for single phase full
bridge inverter.
•The gate signal is generated by comparing VR amplitude reference signal and
VC amplitude control signal.
•The width of gate pulse can be varies from 0o to 180o by controlling the reference
signal from 0 to VR.
•This will control the output voltage of the inverter.
•The frequency of the output voltage depends upon frequency of reference signal.
The amplitude modulation M is ratio of reference signal ( VR ) and carrier signal ( VC).
M = VR / VC
The analysis of waveform shown in the figure A is done by fourier series. The output
voltage becomes maximum when the width of pulse becomes π radian.
VL = 4VDC / π ...........................................(1)
RMS output voltage
VRMS = VDC √ d / π....................................(2)
And maximum value of nth harmonic
VLn = 4VDC / nπ ( Sin nd / 2 ) .....................(3)
From equation (1) and (3)
VLn / VL = Sin ( nd / 2) / n ..........................(4)
MULTIPLE PULSE WIDTH MODULATION ( MPWM )
•There are more than one pulse per half cycle in the MPWM.
•These gate pulses are used to control output voltage of inverter as well as reduce
harmonics.
•The magnitude and width of the pulses are equal in this method.
•The reference signal and higher frequencies carrier signals are compared in this method in
order to generate more than one gatting pulses.
•The number of gate pulses depends upon carrier frequencies whereas the output voltage
depends frequencies of reference signal.
From figure J,
Carrier frequency = fC in Hz
Reference frequency = fR in Hz
1 / fC = π / 3..................................................(5)
OR
TC = π / 3
Similarly
1 / 2fR = 1 / π ...............................................(6)
OR
TR = π / 2
There the Number of pulses per half cycle
( NP ) = Length of half cycle reference signal /
Length of one cycle triangular waveform
= ( fR / 2 ) / ( 1 / fC )
NP = fC / 2 fR
Number of generated pulses NP = ( 3 / π ) × π [ from equation (5) and (6) ]
=3
The RMS voltage when pulse width is equal to d
VRMS = VDC √ ( NP × d / π )
Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation ( SINPWM )
•The reference signal is taken as sinusoidal waveform whereas the carrier signal
is taken as triangular waveform in this method.
•The width of pulse in the SINPWM is not equal due to reference signal is taken
as sinusoidal waveform.
•The amplitude of sinusoidal waveform is also not constant.
•The width of gate pulse is determined by intersect point of the sinusoidal
waveform and triangular waveform.
•The frequency of inverter output voltage depends upon frequency of reference
signal fR and amplitude of reference signal VR controls the modulation index ( M
).
•The number of pulses per half cycle when the amplitude of triangular waveform
becomes maximum and sinusoidal waveform becomes zero.
NP = fC / 2 fR
Where
fC = Carrier wave frequency = 3 / π
fR = Reference wave frequency = 1 / 2π
Therefore
NP = ( 3 / π ) × ( 2π / 2 )
=3
•The number of pulses per half cycle when the amplitude of triangular waveform and sinusoidal becomes zero at same
time.
NP = ( fC / 2 fR – 1 )
=2

•The modulation index = VR / VC

•The analysis of harmonics is done in the sinusoidal PWM control is below.
•When the value of modulation index is less than one, the maximum harmonic number in the output voltage is

fC / fR ± 1
OR
2NP ± 1

Where NP = Number of pulses per half cycle

•As the number of pulses per half cycle increases, the higher order harmonics also increases.
•Let NP = 4, it will generates 7th harmonic and 9th harmonic but higher order harmonics are easily filtered out.
•As the number of pulses increases per half cycle, the switching losses also increase and it will affect the efficiency of
inverter.
•When the modulation index is greater than one, lower order harmonics induces in the output of the inverter.
LITERATURE REVIEW
PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS OF CASCADE H-BRIDGE
INVERTER USING MIXED SWITCHING FREQUENCY WITH
VARIOUS DC LINK VOLTAGE

 This pa per investigates the performance of 2-cells CHB multilevel

inverter that is operated in mixed switching frequency method with
various dc-link voltage ratios.
 The developed PWM schemes produce output voltage with improved
quality.
 The MSF PWM with equal dc-link produces output voltage with
significant low low-order harmonics content (less than 1 % of
fundamental) while the MSF PWM with un-equal dc-link voltage
produces 7-levels in the output voltage in line with the lowest
THD(16.31%) among several other PWM methods.
 Improvement of the voltage output quality is in line with number of
available levels in the output voltage. Here only 2 cells H-bridge
inverter (contain 8 switches)are needed to produce a 7-level output
voltage, while in the conventional CHB inverter at least 3 cells of H-
bridge inverter (contain 12 switches) are needed to produce a 7-level
output voltage. Hence it is valuable in term of saving number of
component.
FFT ANALYSIS FOR THE THREE
LEVEL INVERTER
BI-DIRECTIONAL INVERTER-
CHARGER
 Inventors: Davide Andrea, Boulder. CO (US) Robert D. Emmerich,
Loveland, Co(US)
 The invention claimed is: 14
 Conclusion:
With a developing interest in V2G technologies, as well as
V2H (vehicle-to-home), V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) and other
technologies where energy flows between differing sources,
bi-directional inverter-charger systems are needed, among
many other things. Aspects of the present invention involve a
bi-directional topology using a single synchronous bridge
rectifier or unfolder. The bi-directional inverter-charger pro
vides both AC-to-DC conversion for charging a storage
Source. Such as a battery pack, and DC-to-AC inversion for
connecting the battery to the grid or other AC Voltage source.
This allows for the same power components to be used in both
directions resulting in high energy transfer efficiency with
fewer components.
POWER LINE CONDITIONER USING
CASCADE MULTILEVEL INVERTERS FOR
VOLTAGE REGULATION, REACTIVE
POWER CORRECTION, AND HARMONIC
FILTERING
 Inventors: Fang Zheng Peng, Knoxville, Tenn.
 The invention claimed is: 34
 Conclusion:
power quality and custom power have been hot
topics because of the widespread use of non-linear electronic
equipment and the Stricter power quality requirements of
Sensitive loads. To provide high power quality at the point of
common coupling (PCC) of a distribution System, line
conditioning, including Voltage regulation, reactive power
(VAR) compensation, and harmonic filtering can provide
important advantages.
ALTERNATOR/INVERTER WITH DUAL
H-BRIDGE
 Inventors: Richard Thomas Walter, Baldwin, MD (US)

 The invention claimed is: 22

 Conclusion:
The above and other objects are provided by an alternator/
inverter System having dual alternator/inverter Sections with
each Section including a full H-bridge inverter circuit. Each
alternator/inverter Section incorporates an independent per
manent magnet generator winding which is coupled to an
independent full wave bridge rectifier circuit. Each rectifier
circuit provides a DC voltage to its associated full H-bridge
circuit.
CASCADED H-BRIDGE INVERTER
LEVEL SHIFT PWM WITH ROTATION
 Inventors:Jingbo Liu, Grafton, WI (US); Thomas Nondahl, Greenfield,
WI (US)

 The invention claimed is: 20

 Conclusion:
Various aspects of the present disclosure are now Summa
rized to facilitate a basic understanding of the disclosure,
wherein this summary is not an extensive overview of the
disclosure, and is intended neither to identify certainelements
of the disclosure, nor to delineate the scope thereof. Rather,
the primary purpose of this Summary is to present various
concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form prior to the
more detailed description that is presented hereinafter.
MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER WITH
FLYING CAPACTOR TOPOLOGY
o Inventors: Ilan Yoscovich, Ramat-Gan (IL); Tzachi Glovinsky, Petach
Tikva (IL)

o The invention claimed is: 25

o Conclusion:
 The following Summary is for illustrative purposes only, and is not
intended to limit or constrain the detailed description.
 Embodiments herein may employ a multi-level inverter (e.g., a single
phase and/or three phase inverters) with a specialized control system
which enables low cost inverters with a high efficiency
MULTI LEVEL INVERTER
o Inventor: Hong Min Yun, Gyeonggi-do (KR)

o The invention claimed is: 8

o Conclusion:
 Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a multilevel
inverter, the inverter comprising: a converter unit converting an inputted
AC power source to a direct current (DC) power source; a film capacitor
rectifying the DC power source converted by the converter.
CASCADED MULTI-LEVEL H-BRIDGE
DRIVE
 Inventors:Keith Allen Corzine, Milwaukee, WI (US)
 The invention claimed is: 44
 Conclusion:
An embodiment of the present invention comprises a
multi-level PWM inverter that is constructed by cascading
multi-level H-bridge inverters and providing different volt
age inputs to the multi-level H-bridges. The values of the
Voltages, or the ratio of the Voltages, are Selected in order
to provide an increased number of output levels. In the
cascaded arrangement, at least one of the multi-level
H-bridge inverters has more than three levels. Preferably, at
least one of the multi-level H-bridge inverters is a 5-level
inverter.
SOFT-SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
FOR POWER INVERTER LEGS
 Inventors: Xiao Hong Cao Zhejiang (CN);
 The invention claimed is: 32
 Conclusion:
 This invention relates to new Soft-Switching techniques for
minimizing Switching losses and Stress in power electronic circuits
using inverter legs. By choosing the Switching frequency with Specific
relationships with the resonant frequency of the power electronic
circuits, the proposed Switching technique enables the power
electronic circuits to achieve Soft Switching under full load and short-
circuit conditions at the defined frequencies for both capacitive and
inductive loads.
HIGH-EFFICIENCY, THREE-LEVEL
SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER
 Inventors: Zitao Peter Wang Sheboygan, WI (US)
 The invention claimed is: 20
 Conclusion:
 While generally more efficient than transformer-based inverters, the
inventor(s) has (have) learned that the efficiency of transformerless
inverters is not as high as desired for cer tain applications. Embodiments
of the invention include a transformerless inverter with improved
efficiency
INVERTER POWER SUPPLY DEVICE
WITH CONTROLLED OUTPUT POWER
 Inventors: Ren Cornec ,France
 The invention claimed is: 20
 Conclusion:
 To achieve this goal, an object of the invention is an inverter power
Supply device designed to Supply power to a resonant circuit, comprising
a generator, comprising at least one Switch Series-connected with the
resonant circuit and a freewheeling diode parallel-connected with the
Switch, the Switch being controlled by a periodic Signal with a fre quency
known as a working frequency, the device further more comprising.
SINE WAVE INVERTER
 Inventors: Hitoshi Inoue ,US
 The invention claimed is: 10
 Conclusion:
 According to embodiments, only one conversion stage with Zero-current
switching. The inventors believe that one challenge to improve conversion
efficiency is to Switch a high current (over hundred amps) with a high
Voltage (over several hundred volts) at Zero current, or zero-voltage. If
one of them is achieved, the only loss remaining is a conduction loss and
this is typically immaterial for today's high fre quency power Switching
devices.
INVERTER CONTROLLER, COMPRESSOR,
FOREIGN APPLICATION PRIORITY DATA AND
ELECTRIC HOME APPLIANCE
 Inventors: Atsushi Koda ,Osaka (JP)
 The invention claimed is: 22

 Conclusion:
 A conventional inverter controller has carried out a wide angle control in
which a conduction angle is increased up to 120 degree in electrical angles
for increasing a work range of an inverter, thereby boosting an output of
the inverter controller. Patent Document 1 discloses an example of such
inverter controllers
DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING LIGHTING
OF DISCHARGE LAMPAND H-BRIDGE
CIRCUIT FOR USE IN SUCH A DEVICE
 Inventors: Masahide Kita Tokyo, Japan
 The invention claimed is: 10

 Conclusion:
 The present invention is made to overcome the above problems. It is
therefore an object of the present invention to provide an H-bridge circuit
whose physical size is reduced, and a discharge lamp lighting control
device including Such an H-bridge circuit, capable of making a discharge
lamp emit light with stability.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
BYPASSING CASCADED H-BRIDGE (CHB)
POWER CELLS AND POWER SUB CELL
FOR MULTILEVEL INVERTER
 Inventors: Navid Zargari Cambridge (CA)
 The invention claimed is: 25

 Conclusion:
 Various aspects of the present disclosure are now Summarized to
facilitate a basic understanding of the disclo Sure, wherein this Summary
is not an extensive overview of the disclosure, and is intended neither to
identify certain elements of the disclosure, nor to delineate the scope
thereof. Rather, the primary purpose of this Summary is to present
various concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form prior to the more
detailed description that is presented hereinafter
CASCADED H-BRIDGE (CHB). INVERTER
LEVEL SHIFT PWM WITH ROTATION
 Inventors: Thomas Nondahl Greenfield, WI (US)
 The invention claimed is: 25
 Conclusion:
 Various aspects of the present disclosure are nowSummarized to facilitate
a basic understanding of the disclosure, wherein this Summary is not an
extensive overview ofthe disclosure, and is intended neither to identify
certain elements of the disclosure, nor to delineate the scope
thereof.Rather, the primary purpose of this Summary is to present
various concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form prior tothe more
detailed description that is presented hereinafter.
H-BRIDGE MCRO INVERTER GRID-
CONNECTED DEVICE
 Inventors: Huaguang Zhang, Shenyang City (CN)
 The invention claimed is: 22

 Conclusion:
 The present invention relates to an H-bridge micro inverter grid-
connected device, comprising: two controllers, an MOSFET H full-bridge
circuit, a high-frequency trans former, a half-bridge rectifying circuit, an
SCRH full-bridge circuit and a filter circuit. The two controllers are
respectively the controller for processing collected signals and calcula
tions and the controller for outputting pulse signals, the MOSFETH full-
bridge circuit is used to invert DC signals output ted by photovoltaic
panels to high-frequency AC signals, and the high-frequency transformer
is used to boost the Voltage of the high-frequency AC signals inverted by
the MOSFET H full-bridge circuit to the voltage which conforms to the
grid connected amplitude.
CASCADED H-BRIDGEMEDIUM
VOLTAGE DRIVE, POWER CELL AND
BYPASS CIRCUIT MODULE THEREOF
 Inventors:Hongjian Gan Shanghai ,CN
 The invention claimed is: 27

 Conclusion:
 An object of the present application is to provide a cascaded H-Bridge
medium Voltage drive, a power cell and a bypass module thereof, which
effectively solve the problems Such as high cost and large size of prior
bypass circuit, and are simple in circuit structure, low in conductive loss
and high in Page 2 reliability
 FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER FOR
OSCHARGE LAMP LIGHTING DEVICE
WITH VARIED TRANSISTOR ZERO
VOLTAGE PERIOD
o Inventors:Masahito Ohnishi Shozo Kataoka Kazuo Yoshida all of
Osaka, Japan
o The invention claimed is: 65

o Conclusion:
o A main object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a
discharge lamp lighting device which has overcome the foregoing
problems, and is capable of regulating the power supplied to the discharge
lamp without varying the frequency, stably operating even in a state
where the power supplied to the discharge lamp is limited to be small, and
realizing the dimming of the discharge lamp in a relatively wide range.
ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
EMPLOYING STABILIZED HALF-BRIDGE
INVERTER
o Inventors:Earl So to K Shelden Boulder,colo

o The invention claimed is: 60

o Conclusion:
 The present invention provides a particularly advantageous energy
conversion System of the type including an alternator having a rotor and
a Stator with at least one Stator Winding, a motive Source, e.g. an engine,
for effecting movement of the rotor, a Switching rectifier circuit, and an
inverter circuit.
Challenges for Problem Defination

•Complex circuit.
•Harmonic present in output
•Less safety
•Short circuit occuress
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Optimal sizing of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems to mitigate wind power
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Thank You