.

Introduction

 Although cells are 70-95% water, the rest consists
mostly of carbon-based compounds.
 Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids are all
composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and
to atoms of other elements.
 These other elements commonly include hydrogen
(H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and
phosphorus (P).
 Organic chemistry is the study of
carbon compounds

 The study of carbon compounds,
organic chemistry, focuses on any
compound with carbon (organic
compounds).
 Organic compounds can range
from the simple (CH4) to complex
molecules, like proteins, that may
weigh over 100,000 daltons.
 Because ofcarbon’s
versatility, these few
elements can be
combined to build an
inexhaustible variety of
organic molecules.
Carbon atoms are the most versatile
building blocks of molecules

 With a total of 6 electrons, a carbon atom
has 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second
shell.
 Carbon has little tendency to form ionic
bonds by losing or gaining 4 electrons.
 Instead, carbon usually completes its
valence shell by sharing electrons with
other atoms in four covalent bonds.

 Variation in carbon skeletons
contributes to the diversity of organic
molecules

 Carbon chains form the skeletons of most
organic molecules.
 The skeletons may vary in length
and may be straight, branched, or
arranged in closed rings.
 The carbon skeletons may also
include single, double and triple
bonds..

 Hydrocarbons are organic molecules
that consist of only carbon and
hydroge n atoms.
 Fats are biological

molecules that have
long hydrocarbon
tails attached to a
non-hydrocarbon
component.
Isomers are compounds that have the same
molecular formula but different structures
and therefore different chemical properties.
For example, butane and isobutane have
the same molecular formula C4H10, but
butane has a straight skeleton and

isobutane has a bran ched skeleton.
Functional groups contribute to
the molecular diversity of life

 The components of organic molecules
that are most commonly involved in
chemical reactions are known as
functional groups.
 The number and arrangement of
functional groups help give each
molecule its unique properties.
 Saturated Hydrocarbons
 A Hydrocarbon is an organic
compound that contains
only the elements hydrogen
and carbon.
 In a saturated hydrocarbon,
all the bonds are single
bonds.
 Alkane is another name for a
saturated hydrocarbon.
Ethane

 Characteristics of
Hydrocarbons
 Factors that determine the
properties of a hydrocarbon
are:
 The number of carbon
atoms
 How the atoms are
arranged:
Straight chain
Branched chain
Ring
 Straight Chains
 A hydrocarbon can
contain one carbon atom,
as in methane or
thousands of carbon
atoms, as in cellulose.

One carbon Methane

Two carbon ethane
Three carbon propane
Four carbon butane
Five carbons pentane
Six carbon hexane
Halosomers

 Branched Chains
 The structural
formula for certain
alkanes can differ.
 Compounds with
the same molecular
formula but
different structural
formulas are
isomers.
 The Ring
Carbons can
be arranged
in a ring,
such as
cyclobutane.
 Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
 A hydrocarbon that
contains one or more
double or triple bonds
is an unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
 There are three types
of unsaturated
hydrocarbons alkenes,
alkynes, and aromatic
hydrocarbons.
 Alkenes

 Many fruit
bearing plants
produce ethene,
which controls
the rate at
which fruits
ripening.
 Alkynes
 Alkynes are the
most reactive
hydrocarbon
compounds.
 They produce
extremely high
temperatures
while burning.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 These alternating
single and
double bond
hydrocarbons
form a ring.
 Many of these
compounds have
strong aromas or
odors.
 Fossil Fuels
 Three types of fossil
fuels are coal,
petroleum, and natural
gas.
 The primary products
of the complete
combustion of fossil
fuels are carbon
dioxide and water.
 Substituted
Hydrocarbons
 The functional group
in an alcohol is a
hydroxyl group, -OH.
 The functional group
in an organic acid is a
carboxyl group,-
COOH.
 The functional group
in an amine is an
amino group, -NH2
 Alcohols

 When a
halocarbon
reacts with a
hydroxyl
group.
 Polymers
 Polymers can be
classified as
natural polymers
or synthetic
polymers.
 Rubber, nylon, and
polyethylene are
three examples of
compounds than
can be synthesized.
 Types
 Four types of
polymers
produced in
plant and animal
cells are:
 Starches
 Cellulose
 Nucleic acids
 Proteins
Thank You for watching…..

 Name :- Naba neet Mondal

 Class :- X “B”

 Roll no. :- 20

 Subject :- Science (Chemistry