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CHEMISTRY
medieval Latin “alchimia”/Arabic
“alkīmiyā”, the chemistry
the study of the composition and
structure of the changes in matter.
It is often called the central science
because knowledge in this field is a
prerequisite for all the other physical and
biological sciences.
Is shadow, a matter?
Is rainbow, a matter?
Is light, a matter?
NON-MATTER
does not occupy a space and does not
have a mass
MATTER
anything that occupies space and has
mass
Is chair, a matter?
Is your pen, a matter?
Is air, a matter?
MIXTURES PURE
SUBSTANCES
HOMOGENOUS
METALS NON-
METALLOIDS
METALS
PURE SUBSTANCE
substances that exhibit definite
properties and composition
Example:
Law of Definite Composition
H2O – ratio of two hydrogen atom with
one oxygen atom only. If it becomes ratio of
two hydrogen atom with two oxygen atom, it
is not already water.
Classification of Elements
Metals
Latin “metallum”, mine or metal
a chemical element that is malleable
and ductile, usually solid, has a characteristic
luster, and is a good conductor of heat and
electricity, e.g. copper or iron
metals exist as solid with the exception
of mercury and gallium
Element
substances that are made up of only
one type of atom. They are known as the
building blocks of matter
Examples:
* hydrogen gas
* sodium metal
* iodine crystals
Non-metal
a chemical element that are poor
conductors of heat and electricity
it includes oxygen gas, which supports
life; carbon, bromine and sulfur.
Metalloids
intermediate in properties between the
metals and the nonmetals, are sometimes
considered a separate class and sometimes
known as the borderline elements.
Compound
a substance formed by the chemical
combination of elements in fixed proportions
Water (H2O), which is made of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is
one of the most abundant compounds found
in our planet
Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) gas, the gas that
keeps us warm, is made up of carbon and
oxygen. . Table sugar (C12H22 O11 ) and table
salt ( NaCl )
MIXTURE
a substance consisting of two or more
substances that have been combined without
chemical bonding taking place, therefore
physical combination
Classification of Mixture
Homogenous Mixture
“Homo” means one and “geneous”
means phase
a homogeneous mixture has only a
single phase
it cannot be separated by filtration
Density
The ratio between the mass and the
volume of a substance and has a unit of
measurement
Specific Gravity
The ratio between the density of a
material and the density of water and
dimentionless
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Physical Change
the chemical composition remains the
same. It involves only a change in the size or
shape or state of subdivision, as well as
changes in state
Example: tearing of paper
chopping of woods
breaking of rocks
Chemical Change
a change wherein the chemical
composition has been altered or a chemical
reaction has taken place
Examples:
Mg + O2 2MgO
Examples:
KClO3 KCl + O2
Examples:
Mg + HCl MgCl2 + H2
Cu + AgNO3 Ag + CuNO3
Double Decomposition or Metathesis
Two or more compounds produce two
or more new products
AB + CD AD + CB
Examples:
HCl + NaOH NaCl+ H2O
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O+ CO2