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BASIC CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY
 medieval Latin “alchimia”/Arabic
“alkīmiyā”, the chemistry
 the study of the composition and
structure of the changes in matter.
 It is often called the central science
because knowledge in this field is a
prerequisite for all the other physical and
biological sciences.
Is shadow, a matter?
Is rainbow, a matter?
Is light, a matter?

NON-MATTER
 does not occupy a space and does not
have a mass
MATTER
 anything that occupies space and has
mass

Is chair, a matter?
Is your pen, a matter?
Is air, a matter?

*Therefore, anything that you can be weigh


and can occupy a space is matter.
Exercise: Classify if it is a matter or non-matter.
rocks
leaves
charger
shadow
information
fan
energy
water
love
birds
MATTER

MIXTURES PURE
SUBSTANCES

HETEROGENOUS ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS

HOMOGENOUS
METALS NON-
METALLOIDS
METALS
PURE SUBSTANCE
 substances that exhibit definite
properties and composition
Example:
Law of Definite Composition
H2O – ratio of two hydrogen atom with
one oxygen atom only. If it becomes ratio of
two hydrogen atom with two oxygen atom, it
is not already water.
Classification of Elements

 Metals
 Latin “metallum”, mine or metal
 a chemical element that is malleable
and ductile, usually solid, has a characteristic
luster, and is a good conductor of heat and
electricity, e.g. copper or iron
 metals exist as solid with the exception
of mercury and gallium
Element
 substances that are made up of only
one type of atom. They are known as the
building blocks of matter

Examples:
* hydrogen gas
* sodium metal
* iodine crystals
 Non-metal
 a chemical element that are poor
conductors of heat and electricity
 it includes oxygen gas, which supports
life; carbon, bromine and sulfur.
 Metalloids
 intermediate in properties between the
metals and the nonmetals, are sometimes
considered a separate class and sometimes
known as the borderline elements.
Compound
 a substance formed by the chemical
combination of elements in fixed proportions
 Water (H2O), which is made of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is
one of the most abundant compounds found
in our planet
 Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) gas, the gas that
keeps us warm, is made up of carbon and
oxygen. . Table sugar (C12H22 O11 ) and table
salt ( NaCl )
MIXTURE
 a substance consisting of two or more
substances that have been combined without
chemical bonding taking place, therefore
physical combination
Classification of Mixture

Homogenous Mixture
 “Homo” means one and “geneous”
means phase
 a homogeneous mixture has only a
single phase
 it cannot be separated by filtration

Example: water + sugar = sugar solution


 Heterogenous Mixture
 Greek heteros "other" < Indo-European,
"one of two”
 components of the mixture are visually
distinguished
 it can be separated by physical means
like filtration, evaporation, sublimation,
crystallization, distillation

Example: salad, gravel, macaroni soup


DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Density
 The ratio between the mass and the
volume of a substance and has a unit of
measurement

Specific Gravity
 The ratio between the density of a
material and the density of water and
dimentionless
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS

STATES OF MATTER DEFINTE VOLUME DEFINITE SHAPE


SOLID YES YES
LIQUID YES NO
GAS NO NO
The properties of matter can be classified into
two categories:
Physical Property
 describes the physical appearance and
the inherent properties of the substance
 it can be extensive properties (depend
on the amount) like mass, volume, length or
intensive or constant properties like odor,
taste, color, boiling point, melting point,
refractive index and density
 Chemical Property
 refers to the behavior of a substance in
relation to other substances
 Examples: Oxygen supports
combustion; sodium metal reacts violently
with water
CHANGES IN MATTER

 Physical Change
 the chemical composition remains the
same. It involves only a change in the size or
shape or state of subdivision, as well as
changes in state
Example: tearing of paper
chopping of woods
breaking of rocks
 Chemical Change
 a change wherein the chemical
composition has been altered or a chemical
reaction has taken place

Example: rusting of iron, metallic iron


reacts with oxygen from the atmosphere to
form rust
4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

 Synthesis, Combination, or Direct Union


 It is a reaction between two or more
simple substances to form a single product
A + B  AB

Examples:

Mg + O2  2MgO

CaO + CO2  CaCO3


 Decomposition or Analysis
 A single reactant is broken down to two
or more products
AB  A + B

Examples:

KClO3  KCl + O2

MgCO3  MgO + CO2


 Substitution or Displacement
 A more active element replaces a less
active element in a compounds
AB + C  AC + B

Examples:

Mg + HCl  MgCl2 + H2

Cu + AgNO3  Ag + CuNO3
 Double Decomposition or Metathesis
 Two or more compounds produce two
or more new products
AB + CD  AD + CB

Examples:
HCl + NaOH  NaCl+ H2O
CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O+ CO2

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