2

UNIT : CONCEPT OF
ECOSYSTEM
By: Group 1
ECOSYSTEM
- A community of
living organisms in
conjunction with
non-living
components of
their environment.
 Structure of Ecosystem
• Biotic ecosystem
• Abiotic structure
• Energy laws
• Functions of the ecosystem
• Classification of the ecosystem
• Classification of biogeochemical cycle
• The carbon cycle
• Effects of man’s activities on the carbon cycle
• The oxygen cycle
• Effects of man’s activities on oxygen cycle
• The nitrogen cycle
• Effects of man’s activities on the nitrogen cycle
• Effects of man’s activities on sulfur cycle
• The hydrologic cycle
• Effects of man activities on the hydrologic cycle
BIOTIC
STRUCTURE
- The living
organisms
including plants,
animals and
micro-organism.
ABIOTIC
STRUCTURE
-The non-living
factors or the
physical
environment
prevailing in an
ecosystem.
ENERGY LAWS
- Field of law
concerned with
creating,
enforcing and
challenging laws
that regulate
energy use.
 Functions of ecosystems
• Ecosystem functions are exchange
of energy and nutrients in the food
chain these exchanges sustain
plant and animal life on the planet
as well as the decomposition of
organic matter and production of
biomass.
 Classifications of the ecosystem
• Artificial ecosystem- are natural
regions affected by man’s
interferences they are artificial
lakes, reservoirs, townships and
cities.

• Natural ecosystem- basically

classified into two major types
they are the aquatic ecosystem
and terrestrial.
 Classifications of Biogeochemical cycle
• Biochemical cycles- are basically
divided into two types:
• Gaseous cycles (carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, and the water cycle)
• Sedimentary cycles ( sulphur,
phosphorus, rock cycle etc.)
 The Carbon cycle
• The Carbon cycle
- is the process in which carbon travels
from the atmosphere into the
atmosphere.
 Effect of man’s Activities on the carbon cycle
• The carbon cycles involves the
movement of carbon between the
athmosphere, biosphere, oceans
and geosphere.
 The Oxygen cycle
• Is the cycle that helps move
oxygen through the three main
regions of the earth, the
athmosphere, the biosphere and
the lithosphere.
Effect of man’s activities on oxygen cycle
• Human’s directly impact this cycle,
because we are constantly breathing
and inhaling oxygen and exhaling
carbon dioxide.
• The human impact on photosynthesis
is farly straight forward.
• Humans breath in oxygen and breath
out carbon dioxide.
• Plants take in carbon dioxide and
produce oxygen.
• Humanity’s worst impact on the
oxygen cycle is “ DEFORESTATION”
this eliminates or atleast deters-large
swath of oxygen production.
 The Nitrogen cycle
• The most abundant element in the
athmosphere.

• Building block of proteins and

nuclei acid such as DNA.
 Effect of man’s on the Nitrogen cycle
• Scientist have determined that
human are disrupting the nitrogen
cycle by altering the amount of
nitrogen that is stoved in the
biosphere.

• Chief culprit is fossil fuel

combustion which releases acid
nitric acid into the air that combine
with other elements to form smog
and acid rain.
 The phosphorous cycle
• The process by which phosphorus
moves through the lithosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere.

• It is essential for plant and animal

growth as well as the health of
microbes, inhabiting the soil but is
gradually from the coil over time.
 Effect of man’s activities on sulfur cycle
Human activities on the sulfur cycle
have a major affect on the global
sulfur cycle.
• Burning of coal, natural gas, and
other fossil fuels has greatly
increased the amount of soil in
the athmosphere and ocean and
depleted the sedimentary rock
sink.
 The hydrologic cycle
• The sequence of conditions
through which water pass from
vapor in the athmosphere through
precipitation upon land or water
surface and ultimately back into
the athmosphere as a result of
evaporation and transpiration.
 Effects of man activities on the hydrologic
cycle
• Human activities affecting water
temperature can include the
discharge of cooling water or
heated industrial effluents,
agriculture and forest harvesting
urban development that alters the
characteristics and path of storm
water runoff , human and activities
that produce change.
UNIT2.1
COMPONENTS OF THE
ECOSYSTEMS
 BIOTIC SUBSTANCES
• These include basic inorganic and
organic compounds of the
environment of the organism.
 PRODUCERS
• Are autotrophic organisms like
chemosynthentic and
photosynthetic bacteria,
bluegreen algae and all other
greenplants.
• They are called ecosystem
producer because they capture
energy from non-organic source.
 CONSUMERS
• Organisms in the ecosystem which
eat other living creatures.
 REDUCERS OR DECOMPOSERS
• Organisms that breakdown dead
and waste matter.
UNIT2.2
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD CHAIN
• A linear network of
links in a food
starting from
producers organisms
and ending at apex
predators, species ,
detritivores or
decomposer species.