EXTENSIONS OF MENDELLIAN INHERITANCE

1. Multiple alleles – where traits were controlled by more than two alleles,
The character expression is called a multiple allelic trait.
Ex: human ABO blood type: type A, B, AB & O

𝐼 𝐴 - A on the surface of RBC

𝐼 𝐵 - B on the surface of RBC
i - whether A or B
2. Incomplete dominance and codominance – in incomplete
Dominance, the heterozygous individual does not express any of the
Two contrasting traits, instead intermediate trait appears. In codominance,
The two contrasting alleles in heterozygous gene pair are equally expressed

Ex: incomplete dominance – rosas de alas cuatro (where it produces

Pink and white flowers

Codominance – ABO blood type

𝐼 𝐴 & 𝐼𝐵
3. Sex-related inheritance

Males – have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes, X and Y

Females – have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes, X and X

The total chromosome # in each cell of an individual is 46; males 44XY

And 44XX in females
SEX-RELATED CHARACTERS
Sample:
1. All of us have seen a bald man but very few of us
have seen a bald woman
2. Lactation is expressed in women but never in men

• There are inherited characters whose expressions

are determined by sex
Kinds of Sex-related characters:

1. Sex-limited traits
2. Sex–influenced traits
3. Sex-linked traits
Sex-limited traits – expressed exclusively in one sex
of the species

Sample:
1. In cattle, lactation is expressed in females but never in
males. Both male & female cattle possess a gene pair for
lactation.
MALE CATTLE
FEMALE CATTLE
 Table: Expression of lactation in cattle
FEMALE GENOTYPES FEMALE PHENOTYPES
XLXL Female lactating
XLXl Female lactating
XlXl Female not lactating
MALE GENOTYPES MALE PHENOTYPES
XLY Male not lactating
XLY Male not lactating

XlY Male not lactating

• In male cattle, it does not matter if they possess 1 or 2 genes for lactation.
They never produce milk.
Sex-influenced traits – expressed in both sexes but
more frequently in one than in the other sex

Sample:
1. Baldness may be expressed in females but
it occurs more frequently in males
 Table: Expression of pattern baldness in human

MALE GENOTYPES MALE PHENOTYPES

XBY male bald
XBY male bald
XbY male nonbald
FEMALE GENOTYPES FEMALE PHENOTYPES
XBXB Female bald
XBXb Female nonbald

XbXb Female nonbald

• In heterozygous gene pair, males express baldness while females do not

Sex-linked traits – traits are controlled by genes located on
the sex chromosomes; if the sex-linked trait is controlled by
a gene on the X chromosome, it is called X-linked, since
females have 2 X chromosomes, they possess 2 genes. Males,
possess only 1 X chromosome hence they have only 1 gene
controlling the expression of trait.

Sample:
1. Through pedigree analysis of Queen Victoria’s descendants,
It was proven that hemophilia is an X-linked trait passed on
from heterozygous or carrier mothers to their sons
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
Affected children are produced by affected parents. Affected children may
also be produced from unaffected parents if they are heterozygous for the
hereditary character. Hereditary characters are not always manifested in
every generation. Both males and females are affected with equal frequency
Ex. Cystic fibrosis
 carrier mother carrier father
Autosomal
Recessive
Inheritance
meiosis
and gamete
formation

affected child
carrier child
normal child
disorder-causing allele
Stepped Art
(recessive) Fig. 14.5a, p. 207
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Affected male marrying an unaffected female produce 50% heterozygous
offspring. The hereditary character is always manifested in every generation
due to an autosomal dominant gene Heterozygotes are affected.. Both males
and females are affected with equal frequency.
Ex. Brachydactyly
 normal mother affected father
Autosomal Dominant
Inheritance

meiosis
and gamete
formation

affected child
normal child
disorder-causing allele
Stepped Art
(dominant) Fig. 14.3, p. 206
Sex –linked Dominant Inheritance
The hereditary character is always manifested in all generations. Affected
male marrying an unaffected female transmits the hereditary character to all
his daughters but not to his sons.

Sex-linked Recessive Inheritance

The male children in the family are more inclined to have it than the
female children. An affected son can have parents who have the normal
phenotype. For a daughter to be affected, must have a father who has it. Her
mother must have it or be a carrier. The characteristics often skips a
generation from the grandfather to the grandson. If a mother has the
characteristic, all her male children will have it.
Ex. Color blindness