IC ENGINES

INTRODUCTION

 Internal combustion engine is a device where

chemical energy of fuel is released inside the
engine and converted directly to mechanical
energy.
 Broadly classified into:

i. 2 – stroke and 4 – stroke

ii. SI engine and CI engine
2 STROKE SI ENGINE
4 STROKE SI ENGINE
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF 2 STROKE ENGINE

Advantages :
 Compact and lighter
 Less expensive
 Produces more power

Disadvantages:
 Fuel efficiency low
 Highly polluting
 Lubrication inefficient
 Low longevity
SI ENGINE

 Spark ignition
 Petrol engines

 Otto Cycle
CI ENGINE

 Compression ignition
 Diesel engine

 Diesel Cycle
4 STROKE CI ENGINE
COMPARISON OF SI & CI ENGINES
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
 Chemical Energy Thermal Energy Mechanical Work
( LOSSES )

 Indicated power:
Power of fuel combusted – Losses to coolant, radiation & exhaust
= Indicated Power (Power to drive the piston)
It is the power developed in the cylinder

 Brake Power:
Indicated power – Losses due to friction from piston to crank shaft
= Brake Power (Power to drive the crank shaft)
It is the power available at the crankshaft
INDICATED POWER
BRAKE POWER
DYNAMOMETER

 Used for measuring torque (N-m)

 Many types: rope brake dynamometer, eddy
current dynamometer, hystersis dynamometers,
etc.
 Torque
BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (BSFC)

 It is the specific fuel consumption per unit

brake power output
 BSFC = mf/bp (kg/kW-hr)
where
mf = mass of fuel consumed in kg/hr
bp = brake power in kW
BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY

 It is the ratio of brake power produced to the

energy in the fuel burnt to produce this power
 bte = (bp*3600/mf*CV)

where
mf = mass of fuel consumed in kg/hr
bp = brake power in kW
CV = Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg
HEAT BALANCE
 i. Heat supplied by fuel =
(ii. Heat equivalent to useful work) + (iii. Heat to coolant) + (iv. Heat to exhaust)
+ (v. Heat to radiation and other unaccounted losses)
 i. Heat supplied by fuel = mf*CV

 ii. Heat equivalent to useful work = bp*3600

 iii. Heat to coolant = mw*Cpw*(Two-Twi)

 iv. Heat to exhaust = (mf+ma)*Cpex*(Tex-Tamb)

 v. Heat to radiation and other unaccounted losses = i – ( ii + iii + iv )

PROBLEMS WITH BIOFUEL OPERATION
Comparison between petrodiesel and biodiesel-blend run engine
 Engine power: lower by 3-5%

 Fuel efficiency: Fuel consumption higher by 3-5%

 Deposits and clogging: due to formation of resins or gels in fuel delivery

system
 Pollution from engine exhaust: Other emissions lower, however NOx on
higher side
 Cold-weather performance: problems with starting, clogging due to higher
cloud point, etc.
 Low shelf life: auto-oxidation

 Acts a solvent: for certain elastomers used in fuel lines (e.g. Buna N rubber)
EMISSIONS
PROBLEMS