DIP Chapter 1

Digital Image Processing
Course Website: http://www.comp.dit.ie/bmacnamee

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Reference Book
“Digital Image Processing”,

Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods,
Addison-Wesley, 2002
“Digital Image Processing”

S. Sridhar
“Digital Image Processing” by

Sanjay Sharma
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Module I : Introduction and Digital Image
of Fundamentals
36
•
• Motivation & Perspective, Applications, Components
of Image Processing System,
• Fundamentals Steps in Image Processing, Image
Sampling and Quantization,
• Some basic relationships like Neighbors,

Connectivity, Distance Measures between pixels,
• Two-dimensional mathematical preliminaries, 2D

transforms-DFT, DCT, KLT, SVD.
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Chapter 1- Contents
This lecture will cover:
– What is a digital image?
– What is digital image processing?
– History of digital image processing
– State of the art examples of digital image processing
– Key stages in digital image processing

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1.1 What is a Digital Image?
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
Digital Image
In image processing, the term ‘image’ is used to denote the image

data that is sampled, quantized, and readily available in a form
suitable for further processing by digital computers.
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of An image can be defined by a two dimensional function
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F(x,y)
Where x, y are spatial coordinates and Amplitude (f) for pair x, y
is called intensity or gray level .
When x, y and f are discrete and finite the image is called digital
image.
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A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image
as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels
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It is the ability of the imaging system to produce the smallest
discernable details, i.e., the smallest sized object clearly, and
differentiate it from the neighboring small objects that are
present in the image.
Bit Depth
The number of bits necessary to encode the pixel value is
called bit depth. Bit depth is a power of two; it can be written
as powers of 2.
So the total number of bits necessary to represent the image is
Number of rows *Number of columns * Bit depth

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1.2 TYPES OF IMAGES
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• Binary Images
• Grey Scale Images
• Colour Images
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1.3 What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing is an area that uses digital circuits,

systems, and software algorithms to carry out the image
processing operations. The image processing operations may
include quality enhancement of an image, counting of objects,
and image analysis.
Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

– Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage, transmission and
representation for autonomous machine perception
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Some Related Terms
Computer Vision – Use computers to emulate human vision ,

including learning and being able to make inferences and take
actions based on visual inputs.
Main objective is to emulate human vision.
Image Analysis – means Image understanding

It can be said that image analysis process is in between image
processing and computer vision.
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What is DIP? (cont…)
The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be
broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: partitioning Examples: Scene

an image into objects and understanding, or
removal, image description of those making sense of
sharpening objects for classification or recognized objects.
recognition, detecting
edges etc.
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Example- Automated Text Analysis

Possible steps of DIP will be-
• Acquiring an image of the area containing the text

• Preprocessing of image
• Segmenting the individual characters
• Description of characters in a form suitable for computer
processing
• At last recognition of individual characters.
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Examples: Image Enhancement
One of the most common uses of DIP techniques:
improve quality, remove noise etc

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Examples: Medicine
Take slice from MRI scan of heart, and find boundaries
between types of tissue

– Image with gray levels representing tissue density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

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Examples: Industrial Inspection
Human operators are expensive,
slow and
unreliable
Make machines do the
job instead
Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of industries.
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Examples: Law Enforcement
Image processing techniques are
used extensively by law enforcers

– Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated toll
systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of CCTV
images
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Examples: HCI
Try to make human computer

interfaces more natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
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36 1.3 Examples of Fields That Use Digital Image Processing
• Energy of one photon

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1.4 Fundamental steps in Digital Image
36 Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Representation
Acquisition & Description
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Image Aquisition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Image Acquisition-
• Process of acquiring an image

• Converting simple image into digitized image
• Involves some preprocessing like scaling etc also
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36 Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Image Enhancement-
• Highlighting certain features of interest in an image suitable
for specific application.
• It is a subjective process
Because what constitutes a good enhancement result is based
on human subjective preferences
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36 Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Image Restoration
• Deals with improving the appearance of image
• It is a objective process
• Because restoration techniques based on the mathematical or
probalistic models of image degradation.
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36 Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Colour Image Image
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36 Segmentation
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Morphological Processing
• Deals with tools for extracting image components that are
useful in image representation and description of shape.
Segmentation
• Partitioning an image into its constituent parts or objects.
• If more accurate segmentation then more succeeded
recognition is done.
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36 Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Representation and Description
• Conversion of data in a form suitable for computer processing.

• Boundary representation- when focus is on external shape like
corners etc.
• Region Representation- when focus is on internal
representation like texture etc.
Object Recognition
Assigning a label to an object based on its descriptor.
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36 Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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36 Image Compression
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Image Compression
• Reducing storage required
• Reducing bandwidth required for transmission
Color Image Processing
• Extracting features of interest in an image

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Digital Image Processing

Course Website: http://www.comp.dit.ie/bmacnamee

“Digital Image Processing”,

“Digital Image Processing”

“Digital Image Processing” by

• Some basic relationships like Neighbors,

• Two-dimensional mathematical preliminaries, 2D

– What is a digital image?

– What is digital image processing?

– History of digital image processing

– State of the art examples of digital image processing

– Key stages in digital image processing

In image processing, the term ‘image’ is used to denote the image

So the total number of bits necessary to represent the image is

Number of rows *Number of columns * Bit depth

Digital image processing is an area that uses digital circuits,

Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

Computer Vision – Use computers to emulate human vision ,

Image Analysis – means Image understanding

Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Examples: Noise Examples: partitioning Examples: Scene

Example- Automated Text Analysis

• Acquiring an image of the area containing the text

improve quality, remove noise etc

between types of tissue

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

used extensively by law enforcers

Try to make human computer

• Energy of one photon

• Process of acquiring an image

Representation and Description

• Conversion of data in a form suitable for computer processing.

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Number of rows Number of columns Bit depth