CHAPTER 6:

STANDARD USE IN ORGANIZING

INFORMATION
 STANDARDS USED IN ORGANIZING INFORMATION ;

ISBD

MARC

METADATA

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 Why we need ONE
standard ?
• Organization of information
emphasize on standard for a few
purposes.

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 Reasons for standard in
organization of information
1) Prevent duplication of work
2) Allow library to better share bibliographic
resources.
3) Enables library to acquire cataloguing data
that is predictable and reliable.
4) Enables library to make use of
commercially available library automation
system to manage library operations.
5) Allow library to replace one system with
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another.
 International
Standard
Bibliographic
Description
(ISBD)

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 International Standard
Bibliographic
Description (ISBD)
• International Standard Bibliographic Description
arose out of a resolution of the International
Meeting of Cataloguing Experts, organized by
the IFLA Committee on Cataloguing at
Copenhagen in 1969, that a standardization of
the form and content of bibliographic description
be established.

• The name of a group of standards, officially cited

as "ISBD;" developed to standardize, as much as
possible, the descriptive portion of catalog and
bibliographical records produced in different
countries; prescribes the elements constituting
the description, their order, and the punctuation
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between them.
 Primary Purpose ;

• To provide the stipulations for

compatible descriptive cataloguing
worldwide in order to aid the
international exchange of bibliographic
records between national bibliographic
agencies and throughout the
international library and information
community.

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 ISBD ~ Designed to facilitate the
international exchange of cataloging
records by
1) Specifying the elements, which
comprise a bibliographic description –
standardizing the elements to be used
in the description.
2) Prescribing the order in which those
elements should be presented –
assigning and order to elements in
ISBD.
3) The punctuation by which they should
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be drawn – specifying a system of 8

symbols to be used in punctuating the

elements.
 The ISBDs aim to ;

1. To standardize a
bibliographic records for its
contents, and information
style –
make records from different
sources interchangeable, so that
records produced in one country
can be easily accepted in library
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catalogues or other bibliographic
9

lists in any other country;

 ISBD aims
~ Continue

2. To simplify the introduction of

data records elements without
concerning the language of the
materials –
assist in the interpretation of
records across language
barriers, so that records
produced for users of one
language can be interpreted by
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users of other languages; and 10
 ISBD aims
~ Continue

3. To prepare and manipulation of

bibliographic data in computer
applications –
Assist in the conversion of bibliographic
records to electronic.

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 Type of ISBDs

1) ISBD(G) General international standard

bibliographic description;
2) ISBD(A) for older monographs
(Antiquarian);
3) ISBD(CM) for Cartographic Materials;
4) ISBD(S) for Serials;
5) ISBD(PM) for Printed Music;
6) ISBD(CF) for Computer Files;
7) ISBD(M) for Monographic Publications;
8)
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ISBD(NBM) for non-Book Materials;
12
 ISBD contains eight (8)
elements/areas:
• Area 1 – Title and statement of
responsibility
Title proper assigned to the information
package by persons responsible for its
existence; name of individual or
corporate bodies.
• Area 2 – Edition
Statement about the version of the
information packaged.
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 Cont. …

• Area 3 – Material (or type of

publication) specific details
Data about particular type of
information package
• Area 4 – Publication, distribution,
etc
Name of the entity that is responsible
for the presentation and packaging of
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 Cont. …

• Area 5 – Physical description

A physical description of an information
package that is in tangible form.
• Area 6 – Series
Title of any series of which the
information package is part

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 Cont. …

• Area 7 – Notes
Added information to the description to
provide useful information
• Area 8 – Standard number and terms
of availability
The numbers recorded in this area are
internationally agreed standard
numbers. – ISBN, ISSN.
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 ISBD Outline for a
Monograph
Title proper=parallel title : other title
information / first
statement of responsibility ; each
subsequent
statement of responsibility.- Edition
statement /
Statement of responsibility relating to
the edition.-
Place of pub.: Publisher, Date of
publication
Pagination : illustration ; dimensions +
AAM accompanying material.- (Series ; series 17
number)
Note
 Machine Readable
Cataloguing
(MARC)

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 Machine Readable
Cataloguing (MARC)
• A MARC is a Machine-Readable
Cataloging.
• The MARC formats are standards for
the representation and
communication of bibliographic and
related information in machine-
readable form.
• MARC = means that one particular
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type of machine (e.g. ~ a computer) 19
and can read and interpret the data in
the cataloging record.
 How MARC’s worked ?

• MARC = communications format is used

for transmitting data from one system to
another.
• Information from a catalog card cannot be
typed into a computer to produce
automated catalog.
• Computer needs a means of interpreting
the information found on a cataloguing
record.
• MARC contains a guide to its data.
•
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Each bibliographic data will be presented 20
with tag number.
 Introduction ;

• The MARC record format was designed

in the late 1960s as a standard format
for representing bibliographic
information, so that libraries could
store, communicate, and reformat
bibliographic information in machine-
readable form.
• It was first implemented in the USA by
the Library of Congress in 1968 as
USMARC and in Great Britain by the
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British National Bibliography in 1971 21

called UKMARC.
 Cont. …
• The format was to be hospitable to all kinds
of library materials, and is flexible enough
to be used in variety of applications not
only in library and information agencies,
but also within the book industry and the
information community at large.
• The UNIMARC format was developed for
international exchange of MARC records.
National organizations creating MARC
records have used national standards
within the country and reformatted records
to UNIMARC for international exchange.
• Recently, however, a number of major
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use the USMARC format.
 Examples ;

- UNIMARC
- USMARC
- UKMARC

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 Z39.50

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 Z39.50

• Z39.5 is a national standard that

defines a protocol that allows one
computer to query another computer
and transfer search result from one to
another.
• It is open standard that enable
communication between systems that
run on different hardware and use
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different software. 25
 Introduction ;

• Z39.5 developed during 1980’s and

early 1990s as part of a project by LC,
OCLC, RLIN, and Western Library
Network.
• Z39.5 overcome a problems associated
with multiple database searching to
simplifies search process by making it
possible for searcher to use familiar
user interface of the local system to
search both local library catalog and
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any remote database system that 26

support the standard.

 Metadata

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 Metadata

• Metadata is simply "data about

data."
• The Oxford English Dictionary
describes metadata as:
“metadata is a set of data that
describes and gives information about
other data”.

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Metadata ~ Introduction

• Within the context of the computer

industry, the most common domain of
metadata is the file system.
• Files contain data, which has some
amount of associated metadata.
• The term "metadata" is used by IT
professionals in the design of database
management systems (DBMSs).
• However, metadata used in e-commerce,
records management or library fields
tends to have a less complex structure
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and different use of terms. 29
 Metadata ~ Introduction
(continue)
• According to Swick (1997), metadata is
refers to “machine-understandable
information about Web objects”.
• Means that, the electronic retrieval of text
has led to the development of metadata.
• Metadata is structured data that is used to
describe resources so people searching for
electronic information can find the
information they are seeking more
efficiently.
• Metadata is used to succinctly describe,
manage and catalogue resources.
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 Metadata ~ Introduction
(continue)
• A metadata record consists of a set of elements
(sometimes called fields or attributes), which
describe different parts of a resource. For
example, a metadata record describing a book
may contain author, title and publisher
elements.
• The success of digital information repositories
in meeting such high expectations of effective
organization of information depends largely on
the quality and scale of metadata.
• With the web revolution in mid 90’s, it give
birth to modern metadata field and standard,
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and has been use in information standard such 31
as ISBD, MARC, Z39.50, Dublin Core and
TEI-Header.
 Metadata consist of;

• An image may include metadata that

describe how large the picture is, the
color depth, the image resolution, when
it was created, …
• Text document’s may contain
information about how long the
document is, who is the author, when
the document was written and short
summary of the document.
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 Metadata ~in library
environment
• What librarian traditionally put into
catalog, in this internet-age is most
commonly refers to descriptive
information about web resources.
• Therefore traditional library cataloging
is a form of metadata, MARC 21 and the
role sets used with it, such as AACR2,
are metadata standards.
• In the library environment, metadata is
commonly used for any formal scheme 33
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of resource description, applying to any

type of object, digital or non-digital.
 METADATA ~
ADVANTAGES
• Redundancy and inconsistencies can be
identified more easily as the meta data
is centralized.
• Avoiding duplication if data is available
in the system, one does not have to re-
create it.
• Avoiding information conflict issues by
using metadata repositories and
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enforcing common standards 34
 METADATA ~
DISADVANTAGES
• Cost
• Unreliability
• Subjectivity
• Lack of authentication
• Lack of interoperability with respect to syntax,
semantics, vocabularies, languages, and
underlying models.
• Cannot provide comprehensive descriptions,
meaning that many search terms may return
few or no results, even if some documents in
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the collection do touch on the desired subject 35
 METADATA IN
LIBRARIES
• Provide user with vital information to
help them find a particular book and
aids them in making a decision as to
whether that book might fit their needs.

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 METADATA FOR DIGITAL
LIBRARIES
• Variety of metadata are currently being
use with acronyms and applications that
can be very confusing.
• Some are used extensively in related
fields in libraries, some are used in
limited areas or isolated contexts.

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 DIGITAL LIBRARY
METADATA STANDARDS
• Include:
• DC : Dublin Core, used to describe digital
objects.
• MODS: Metadata Object Description Schema,
also to describe digital objects.
• TEI: Text Encoding Initiative, use for text
transcription.
• EAD: Encoded Archival Description, used for
finding aids.
• METS: Metadata Encoding and Transmission
Standard, used for packaging and transmission,
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display of hierarchical objects, and structural 38
encoding of complex digital objects of possibly
multiple formats.
 Thank you….

Bye bye …!
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