EE8407 Topic 3

Power Converter Systems

Graduate Course EE8407

Bin Wu PhD, PEng

Professor
ELCE Department
Ryerson University

Contact Info
Office: ENG328
Tel: (416) 979-5000 ext: 6484
Email: bwu@ee.ryerson.ca
http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~bwu/

Ryerson Campus

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 1
EE8407 Topic 3
Topic 3

Multi-pulse Diode Rectifiers

i A  i a  i a~ N2 Llk ia id
vA a
A Ls i A N1
b
vB
B   0
c Cd 
Vd
N3 Llk i a~
vC a~
C
~
b

c~
  30 

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 2
EE8407 Topic 3

Multi-pulse Diode Rectifiers

Lecture Topics

• Six-pulse Diode Rectifier (Building Block)

• Series-type 12-, 18- and 24-pulse rectifiers
• Separate-type 12-, and 18-pulse rectifiers

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 3
EE8407 Topic 3

Multi-pulse Diode Rectifiers

Why Use Multipulse Diode Rectifiers?

• To reduce line current THD;

• To improve input power factor; and
• To avoid semiconductor devices in series.

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 4
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Resistive Load
id

D1 D3 D5
va
a ia

vb
b ib
vd Rd

vc
c ic

D4 D6 D2
Supply Voltages:
va  2 VPH sin(wt )
vb  2 VPH sin(wt - 2p / 3)
vc  2 VPH sin(wt - 4p / 3)
vab  va - vb  2 VLL sin(wt  p / 6)

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 5
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Waveforms
v va vb vc va

0 wt
p 2p

vd vd
v ab v ac vbc vba vca vcb v ab
A1 V do

0 wt
p p
6 2
ia

0 wt
I II p 2p
D1 , D6 D1 , D2
ON ON

area A1 1 p /2 3 2
Vdo   òp / 6 2 VLL sin (wt  p / 6 ) d (wt )  VLL » 1.35VLL
p /3 p /3 p
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 6
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Capacitive Load
id

D1 D3 D5
va
Ls a ia

vb
Ls b ib Cd R
 Vd Vd
vc
Ls c ic

D4 D6 D2

(a) (b)

Assumption:
C d    Vd  constant

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 7
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Waveforms
v vab vac vbc vba v ca vcb vab vac

Vd

0 wt
p 2p
ia
0 wt

ib
0 wt

ic
0 wt

id
0 wt
p 2p
D1 , D6 D1 , D2
ON ON

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 8
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Discontinuous Current Operation

v vab vac

Vd

0 wt
p /3 p /3 p
id
Ip
0 wt
q1 q 2 q 3 q 4 q5

 Vd 
q1  sin -1  
 2 VLL 
q 2  p - q1

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 9
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Discontinuous Current Operation
id
v vab vac
D1 D3 D5
va
Ls a ia
Vd
vb
Ls b ib
Vd 0 wt
p /3 p /3 p
vc id
Ls c ic
Ip
0 wt
D4 D6 D2 q1 q 2 q 3 q 4 q5

d id
Differential Equation: 2 Ls  vab - Vd q1 £ wt < q 3
dt

òq ( 2VLL sin (w t ) - Vd )d (w t )
1 q
Solution: id (q ) 
2w Ls 1


1
( 2 VLL (cosq1 - cosq )  Vd (q1 - q ))
2w Ls
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 10
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Discontinuous Current Operation
v vab vac

Vd

0 wt
p /3 p /3 p
id
Ip
0 wt
q1 q 2 q 3 q 4 q5

Peak dc current: Ip 
1
( 2VLL (cosq1 - cosq 2 )  Vd (q1 - q 2 ))
2w Ls
1 q3
Average dc current: I d  ò id (q ) d (q )
p /3 1 q

Vd cosq1 - cosq 3
Voltage – theta relation: 
2 VLL q1 - q 3
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 11
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Continuous Current Operation
id i
ia ib ic
Ip
D1 D3 D5
va wt
Ls a ia
p 2p
ib ic ia
vb 
Ls b ib
Vd id qc

vc
Ls c ic Ip
I II III
wt
D1
On-state
D4 D6 D2 Diode
D 1 , D2 D2 D2 , D3
D 3

Note:
- With the increase of the load current, the rectifier will
enter into continuous current operation.
- During commutation interval, three diodes are on.

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 12
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Definition of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Phase voltage (pure sine): va  2 Va sin w1t


Line current (distorted): ia  
n 1, 2, 3,...
2 I an ( sin (w nt ) - n )

1/ 2
 1
1/ 2
 
2 
(ia )2 d (w t ) 
2p
RMS line current: Ia   ò    I an 
 2p 0
  n1, 2,3,... 

I a2 - I a21
Line current THD: THD 
I a1

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 13
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Definition of Power Factor (PF)

1 2p
Per-phase average (real) power: P  ò va ´ ia d (w t )  Va I a1 cos1
2p 0

Per-phase apparent power: S  Va I a

P Va I a1 cos1 I a1
Total power factor (PF): PF    cos1  DF ´ DPF
S Va I a Ia
Distortion factor (DF) : DF  I a1 / I a

Displacement power factor (DPF) : DPF  cos 1

DPF
PF = f (THD) : PF 
1  THD 2

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 14
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Per Unit System

Rated power, rated lint-to-line voltage: S R , VR

VR
Base voltage and frequency: and w B  2p f1
VB 
3
S V
Base current and impedance: I B  R and Z B  B .
3VB IB
Z 1
Base inductance and capacitance: LB  B and CB 
wB wB ZB
Example
Rectifier ratings: 4160V, 60Hz, 2MVA.
Base current = 277.6A, Base inductance = 22.9mH.
Line inductance = 2.29mH = 0.1pu
Line current = 138.8A = 0.5pu

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 15
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• Typical Waveforms / Harmonic Content
1.00
ia
0.50
ia1
0.282
0.00

-0.50

-1.00
(a) Ia1 = 0.2 pu
2.00
ia
1.00
ia1 1.41
0.00

-1.00

-2.00
0 p 2p 3p 4p
(b) Ia1 = 1 pu

Harmonics THD
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
n (%)
I an / I a1 (%)
63.4 38.7 8.99 8.64 4.22 3.61 2.48 2.02 75.7
I a1  0.2pu
I an / I a1 (%)
30.4 8.79 6.31 3.40 2.30 1.89 1.04 1.03 32.7
I a1  1pu

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 16
EE8407 Topic 3

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

• THD and PF

THD(%) PF
100 1.0

A: Ls = 0.05 C
80 B: Ls = 0.10 0.9
C: Ls = 0.15 B

60 0.8
A
A
A: Ls = 0.05
40
B
0.7 B: Ls = 0.10
C: Ls = 0.15
C
20 0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 17
EE8407 Topic 3

12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• Rectifier Topology i A  i a  i a~ N2 Llk ia id
vA a
A Ls i A N1
b
vB
B   0 c Cd 
Vd
N3 Llk i a~
vC a~
C
~
• Series type: b

Two six-pulse rectifiers c~

  30
are in series at the output.

• Phase shifting transformer:   Va~b~ - VAB  30

• Secondary line-to-line voltage: Vab  Va~b~  VAB / 2

N1 N1 2
• Turns ratio:  2 and  .
N2 N3 3
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 18
EE8407 Topic 3

12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• Simplified Block Diagram
i A  i a  i a~ N2 Llk ia id
vA a
A Ls i A N1
b
vB
B   0
c Cd 
Vd
N3 Llk i a~
vC a~
C
~
b

c~
  30

(a) 12-pulse diode rectifier

id
i A  ia  ia~ Llk ia

  0 Cd 
Ls i A
Vd

Llk ia~

  30
(b) Simplified diagram

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 19
EE8407 Topic 3

12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• Waveforms and FFT
1.50
 / I a 1
I an
(pu) id n=1 THD = 24.1%
0.75 0.8
ia ia1 ( I a1  1pu ) 0.6  / I a 1  I an / I a1
I an
0
0.4
-0.75 n=5 7
0.2 11 13 17 19
-1.50 0
(a) (a)
0.80 I a~ n / I a~ 1
ia  ia / 2 0.8
n=1 THD = 24.1%
0.40
ia~ 0.6 I a~ n / I a~ 1  I a~n / I a~1
0
0.4
-0.40 n=5 7
0.2
11 13 17 19
-0.80 0
(b) (b)
1.50 I A n / I A1
i A  ia  ia~ 0.8
n=1
THD = 8.38%
0.75
i A1 ( I A1  1pu ) 0.6
0
0.4
-0.75 0.2 11 13
-1.50 0
0 p 2p 3p 4p 0 250 500 750 1000 f (Hz)
(c) (c)

• No 5th or 7th harmonics in the line current.

• Primary line current THD: 8.38%

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 20
EE8407 Topic 3

12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• THD and PF

THD(%) PF
25 1.00

A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05 0.98
20
C: Ls = 0.10 A
(Llk = 0.05) B
15 0.96
C
A
A: Ls = 0.00
B B: Ls = 0.05
10 0.94
C: Ls = 0.10
C (Llk = 0.05)
5 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF

Comparison with six-pulse rectifier:

• THD is reduced; and
• PF is improved.

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 21
EE8407 Topic 3

18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• Converter Topology
id
Llk ia
Z
i A  ia  ia~  ia   -20

Ls iA Llk ia~ Cd 
Vd
  0

Llk ia
Z
  20
Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 22
EE8407 Topic 3

18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• Simulated Waveforms
0.60
(pu) ia~  ia~ / 3 THD = 23.7%
0.30
ia ia
0
-0.30

-0.60
(a)
1.50
i A  ia  ia~  ia THD = 3.06%
0.75

0
-0.75
-1.50
0 p 2p 3p 4p
(b)

• No 5th, 7th, 11th, or 13th harmonics in the line current.

• Lowest harmonic: 17th
• Line current THD: 3.06%

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 23
EE8407 Topic 3

18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• Measured Waveforms

ia

ia~

ia

iA

(a) Currents: 2 pu/div, 5ms/div

(b) Spectrum: 2 / 5 pu/div, 200Hz/div

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 24
EE8407 Topic 3

18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• THD and PF
THD(%) PF
10 1.00

A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05 0.98 A
8
C: Ls = 0.10 B
(Llk = 0.05) C
6 A 0.96

B A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05
4 0.94
C C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
2 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF

Comparison with 12-pulse:

Improved THD

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 25
EE8407 Topic 3

24-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• Converter Topology
id
Llk ia
Z
  -15
i A  ia  ia~  ia  ia) Llk ia~

Ls iA   0 Cd 
Vd
Llk ia
Z
  15

Llk ia)

  30

Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 26
EE8407 Topic 3

24-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• Typical Waveforms
0.60
(pu) ia~  ia~ / 4 THD = 24.0%
0.30
ia
0
p 3p
-0.30
-0.60
(a)
0.60
THD = 24.0%
0.30
ia ia)
0
-0.30
-0.60
(b)
1.50
i A  ia  ia~  ia  ia) THD = 1.49%
0.75
0
-0.75
-1.50
0
p 2p 3p 4p
(c)
• Lowest line current harmonic: 23th
• THD: 1.49%

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 27
EE8407 Topic 3

24-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

• THD and PF

THD(%) PF
8 1.00

A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05 A
6 0.98
C: Ls = 0.10 B
(Llk = 0.05)
C
4 0.96
A A: Ls = 0.00
B
B: Ls = 0.05
2 0.94
C C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
0 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 28
EE8407 Topic 3

12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier

• Rectifier Topology

id
L
i A  ia  ia~ Llk ia O
Cd Vd A
  0 D
Ls i A
id~
L
Llk ia~ O
Cd Vd~ A
  30 D

• Separate Type
Each six-pulse rectifier feeds a separate dc load.

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 29
EE8407 Topic 3

12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier

• Application Example

  0

  0

  0

  30

  30

  30

Phase Shifting M
Transformer Multilevel Cascade
H-bridge Inverter Fed Drive

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 30
EE8407 Topic 3

12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier

• Typical Waveforms
2.00
(pu)
1.00
id id~
0
p ia 2p 3p
-1.00
-2.00
(a)
1.00
ia  ia / 2
0.50
ia~
0
-0.50 • Comparison with series-type:
-1.00
(b)
1.50
0.75
i A  ia  ia~ - DC current ripple: higher
0
-0.75
- Line current THD: close
-1.50
0 p 2p 3p 4p
 / I a 1
I an (c)
n=1 THD = 32.7%
0.8
0.6 I a~ n / I a~ 1  I an
 / I a 1
0.4
n=5
0.2
7 11 13 17 19
0
I A n / I A1
n=1
0.8
THD = 7.36%
0.6
0.4
0.2 11 13
0
0 250 500 750 1000 f (Hz)
(d)

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 31
EE8407 Topic 3

12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier

• Measured Waveforms

ia

ia~

iA

(a) Currents: 2 pu/div, 5ms/div

(b) Spectrum: 2 / 10 pu/div, 200Hz/div

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 32
EE8407 Topic 3

12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier

• Line Current THD and Input PF

THD(%) PF
25 1.00
Continuous
A: L s = 0 Current Mode
B: L s = 0.05 pu
20 C: L s = 0.10 pu 0.98

( Llk= 0.05 pu ) A
15 0.96
B
A A: L s = 0
10 0.94 B: L s = 0.05 pu C
B C: L s = 0.10 pu

( Llk= 0.05 pu )
5 C 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
IA1 (pu) IA1 (pu)

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 33
EE8407 Topic 3

18-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier

• Rectifier Topology
id
Llk ia L
Cd O
Z Vd
i A  ia  ia~  ia
A
  -20 D
id~
ia~ L
Ls iA Llk
O
Cd Vd~ A
  0 D
id
Llk ia L
Cd O
Z Vd A
  20 D

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 34
EE8407 Topic 3

18-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier

• Simulated Waveforms

0.80
(pu) ia~  ia~ / 3 THD = 32.7%
0.40
0
ia ia
-0.40
-0.80
(a)
1.50
i A  ia  ia~  ia THD = 3.05%
0.75
0

-0.75
-1.50
0 p 2p 3p 4p
(b)

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 35
EE8407 Topic 3

18-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier

• Line Current THD and Input PF

THD(%) PF
10 1.00
Continuous
A: Ls = 0 Current Mode
B: Ls = 0.05pu
8 C: Ls = 0.10pu 0.98
A
( Llk= 0.05pu )
6 0.96 B
A
A: Ls = 0 C
B: Ls = 0.05pu
4 B 0.94 C: L = 0.10pu
s

C ( Llk= 0.05pu )
2 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
IA1 (pu) IA1 (pu)

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 36
EE8407 Topic 3

24-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier

• Line Current THD and Input PF

THD(%) PF
8 1.00
Continuous
A: Ls = 0 Current Mode
B: Ls = 0.05pu
6 C: Ls = 0.10pu 0.98
A
( Llk= 0.05pu )
B
4 0.96
A C
A: Ls = 0
B B: Ls = 0.05pu
2 0.94 C: L = 0.10pu
C s

( Llk= 0.05pu )
0 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 IA1 (pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 IA1 (pu)

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 37
EE8407 Topic 3

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 38