Cl a ssifica tion

&
Sy s t emat ics
GROUP II
CONCEPTS
»The hereditary relationships of
any group of organisms
constitute its phylogeny,
basically the evolutionary history
of each member of the group.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»The goal of the modern systematics is
to understand each of these
evolutionary lines and to have a system
of names – nomenclature that reflects
their relationship accurately.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»At the end of 19th century, the
taxonomists adopted the goals
of:

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»1. developing a natural »2. assigning plant names on
system of classification, a the basis of phylogenetic
system in which closely relationships
related organisms are
classified together

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Levels of
Taxonomic
Categories
Plants have varying degrees of
relatedness, and a natural
classification system reflects this in
numerous levels
»The most fundamental level of
classification is the species,
which ideally and theoretically is
a set of individuals closely
related by descent from a
common ancestor.
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Closely related species are grouped
together into genera (singular: genus) .

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Monophyletic – all the species in
the genus are related to each
other by a common ancestor.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Polyphyletic – members who have
evolved from different ancestors and
may resemble each other only as a
result of convergent evolution.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»The level above the genus is
family, each family being
composed of one, several, or
often many genera.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»The levels above family are: order,
class, division, and kingdom.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Except for kingdom, genus, and
species, the names must have a
certain ending to indicate the
classification level.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Division names end in –phyta. (e.g.
Chlorophyta a.k.a. green algae,
Coniferophyta a.k.a. conifers, and
Magnoliophyta a.k.a. flowering plants.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Class names end in –opsida,
order names in –ales, and family
names in –aceae.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»The scientific name of a species is its
genus and species designations used
together and either underlined or
italicized.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Example:

Tomato – “Lycopersicon esculentum”

or Lycopersicon esculentum

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Note that the species name is not
“esculentum” but is Lycopersicon
esculentum. Esculentum is the species
epiphet, the word that distinguishes
this species from other species of the
same genus.
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Taxon (plural, taxa) – refers to any
of the above groups in a general
way.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Cladistics
»Cladistics – the method of analyzing
the phylogenetic, evolutionary
relationships.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Cladistic studies are complicated by
the fact that plants can resemble
each other for two distinct reasons:

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»1. they have descended from a common
ancestor

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»2. they have undergone convergent
evolution

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Synapomorphies (homologous
features) – features similar to each
other because they have descended
from a common ancestral feature.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Homologous features are the ones
critically important for making
taxonomic comparisons and the only
ones that can be used to conclude
that species are related.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Convergent evolution – results when
two distinct evolutionary line of plants
respond to similar environments and
selection pressures.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Homoplasies (analogous features)
– in convergent conditions, natural
selection may favor mutations in
each line that result in similar
phenotypes and should never be
used to conclude that plants are
closely related.
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Synapomorphies (homologous
features) – features similar to each
other because they have descended
from a common ancestral feature.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Cladograms
»Cladogram – a diagram that shows
evolutionary patterns by means of a
series of branches

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Each point at which a cladogram
branches, called a node, represents the
divergence of one taxon into two, and
all of the branches that extend from
any particular point represents the
descendants of the original group.
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»The ancestor is their common
ancestor. Any ancestor and all of the
branches that lead from it constitute
a clade.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Because each node represents a taxon
dividing into two, it also represents
some detectable change that creates a
new group.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Apomorphy – a derived condition
from a common ancestor.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Paraphyletic group – one that does not
contain all the descendants of the most
recent common ancestor.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Plesiomorphy – a shared ancestral
condition that has not changed
anywhere.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Parsimony – a principle that uses the
simplest possible hypothesis and do not
make it any more complicated than it
needs to be.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Equally parsimonious – when there
is enough data and dozens or
hundreds of informative sequenced
differences in creating a cladogram.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
»Unresolved parsimony – when there is
not enough data, and then usually the
various species are shown as arising
from the same node.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Artificial
Systems of
Classifications
»Artificial classification system – where
several key characters, often very easy
to observe, are chosen as the basis of
classification.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Classification
Systems for
Fossils
»Form genera – all fossils with the
same basic form or structure are
classified together.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Taxonomic
Studies
»Isotypes – a duplicate of specimen of
the holotype.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
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Thank You
April Hansson
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