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The pH scale
Pure water dissociates to yield 10-7 moles/L of H+ at 25°C
H2O ⇔ H+ + OH-
Since water dissociates to produce one OH- ion for each H+ ion. It is
obvious that 10-7 OH ions are produced simultaneously.
The product of [H+] and [OH-] always remains constant even if the value
for one of the species changes.
[H+] x [OH-] = 10-14
The pH scale is usually represented as ranging from 0 to 14, with pH 7 at
25°C representing neutrality.
Acid conditions increase as pH values decrease and alkaline conditions
increase as pH values increase.
Acidity and alkalinity
Litmus paper comes in two colors, red and blue, and is useful for
finding out if the solution is an acid or a base although it doesn't tell
you the strength.
To use litmus paper you just dip the bottom of a strip into your
solution.
Red litmus paper will turn blue in a base but will stay red in an acid or
neutral solution.
Blue litmus paper will turn red in an acid but stays blue in a base or a
neutral solution.
So if you test a solution with one color paper and it changes color you
don't have to do another test. If it doesn't change color though you
have to test it with the other color paper to test if the solution is
possibly neutral.
pH strips