MATRICES AND VECTORS

Kelompok 4 :
1. Mujahidah (5213419009)
2. Susi Arfiana (5213419014)
3. Bagus Ungguh Setiadi (5213419017)
4. Dian Setya Andri S. (5213419026)
5. Muria Arya Dinata (5213419041)
6. Diani Lestari (5213419042)
7. Falihil Izza Z. (5213419047)
8. Moh. Dafi Najuda (5213419054)
BASICS OF MATRICES AND VECTORS
SOME DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
A. Matrices
1. Matrices A form 2 x 2

2. Matrices A form n x n

a11, a12, … = Rows

a11, a21, … = Columns
a11, a22, … = Diagonal
SOME FURTHER OPERATIONS AND TERMS

A. Transposition
1. Transpose of the 2 x 2 matrix

2. Transpose of a column vector

B. Inverse of a Matrix
 If AB = BA = I, then A is called nonsingular and B is
called the inverse of A and is denoted by 𝑨−𝟏 , thus

The inverse exists if the determinant det A of A is not

zero. If A has no inverse, it is called singular.
 For, n = 2
EIGENVALUES, EIGENVECTORS

Vector

Matrix Scalar

We can write,

 For these equations to have a solution , the determinant of the

coefficient matrix must be zero.
 in components,

This quadratic equation in is called the characteristic equation of A.

7.1 MATRICES, VECTORS: ADDITION AND
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
LINEAR SYSTEMS, A MAJOR APPLICATION OF
MATRICES
Example :
VECTORS
ADDITION AND SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF
MATRICES AND VECTORS

Definition
EXAMPLE
DEFINITION

Example
DEFINITION

Example
RULES FOR MATRIX ADDITION AND SCALAR MULTIPLICATION

Hence matrix addition is commutative and associative [by

(3a) and (3b)]. Similarly, for scalar multiplication we obtain
the rules
7.2 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION





 Rule of Matrix
Since matrix multiplication is a multiplication of rows into columns, we can write the
defining formula more compactly as :

where is the jth row vector of A and is the kth column vector of B, so that :
PARALLEL PROCESSING OF PRODUCTS ON THE COMPUTER
 Facilitated for computing C = AB , which is used by standard algorithms (such
as in Lapack).
 In this method, A is used as given, B is taken in terms of its column vectors, and
the product is computed columnwise. Thus,

Computing Products Columnwise

MOTIVATION OF MULTIPLICATION BY LINEAR
TRANSFORMATIONS
 For n = 2 variables these transformations are of the form

 In vectorial form we can write as

 In another linear which x1x2 the -system is related to a w1w2-system

 the y1y2-system is related to the w1w2-system indirectly via the x1x2-

system, thus :
 Indeed, substituting x = Bw into y = Ax, we obtain :

 Comparing this with y = Cw, we see that :

TRANSPOSITION

Rules for transposition :

SPECIAL MATRICES
1. Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices

2. Upper and Lower Triangular Matrices

3. Diagonal Matrix D, Scalar Matrix S, Unit Matrix I