Geophysics

Data
analysis
Depth
conversion
Simulation

Well
correlation

Well
design Facies
modelling
Property modelling
And Upscaling

Building the Dynamic Reservoir

Model – Fluid Model
TM4112 Karakterisasi & Pemodelan Reservoir
Outline
 Five Reservoir Fluids
 Common Fluid Model Types
 PVT Relations for Black-Oil Models
 PVT Relations for Compositional Models
 Corrections of Laboratory PVT Data
The Five Reservoir Fluids
Field Identification
Laboratory Analysis
Primary Production Trends
Likely occurrences of reservoirs
with depth
Reservoir pressure distribution
Saturation Pressure Variation
Selection of the Fluid Model and
Number of Phases
 Common fluid model types
 Fluid model selection criteria
Common Fluid Model Types
 Single phase gas, oil or water
 Multiphase gas-oil, gas-water, oil-water or
gas-oil-water
 Multiphase as above but with solubility
Common Fluid Model Types
 Multiphase with solubility as above but
with variable bubble-point
 Multiphase with a pseudo-component
formulation
 Multiphase multicomponent formulation
with pressure-dependent K-factors
 Multiphase multicomponent formulation
with pressure- and composition-dependent
K-factors or an equation of state
The Fluid Model Must
 Be consistent with the project objectives
 Properly account for the number of phases
existing at reservoir and surface conditions
(This requirement can be relaxed in cases
where immovable fluids exist which do not
contain appreciable amounts of the
movable fluids or components in solution)
 Accurately predict phase changes which
occur during the simulation
The Fluid Model Must
 Accurately predict the volumetric properties,
including compressibility and density, of the
reservoir and surface fluids
 Accurately predict the viscosity of reservoir fluids
and any other critical parameters such as specific
heats in cases of nonisothermal simulations
 When an equation of state is used to predict
phase behavior, the equation must be "tuned“ to
match all available special laboratory data
measured on valid reservoir fluid samples
The Three Most Common Fluid
Model Types
 Black Oil
 Modified Black-Oil (MBO)
 Compositional
Black Oil Simulation
Modified Black Oil Simulation
Compositional Simulation
Black Oil PVT Relations
Modified Black Oil PVT Relations
Black Oil PVT Relations
(Formation Water)
Sources of PVT Relations
 Black-Oil
 Lab reports - minor corrections
 Correlations

 Modified Black-Oil (Rv)

 Lab reports - needs tuning
 EOS modeling - PVTi

 Until recently, no correlations were available

Compositional Simulation PVT
Relations
Computation Considerations
 Linear Solver
 Black-Oil
: 80-90% of run time
 Compositional : 20-30% run time

 PVT
 Black-Oil
: table
 Compositional : flash
Calculation of Formation Volume Factor,
Bo, and Solution Gas-Oil Ratio, Rs

 At pressures above bubblepoint pressure

combine data from
– Flash vaporization and
 – Separator test

 At pressures below bubblepoint pressure

combine data from
– Differential vaporization and – Separator test
We start by selecting

 Oil formation volume factor at bubble point,

Bob

and the corresponding

 Solution gas-oil ratio at bubble point, Rsb

from separator test
At pressures above bubblepoint
pressure
At pressures above bubblepoint
pressure
At pressures below bubblepoint
pressure
At pressures below bubblepoint
pressure
Black Oil - Oil Formation Volume
Factor
At pressures below bubblepoint
pressure
Calculation of coefficient of isothermal
compressibility, co, at p > pb
Calculation of oil density, o, at p >
pb
At pressures above the
bubblepoint pressure
Example 1
A new well has been drilled and tested. Production during the
test was 4,500 Mscf/day with a trace of water and no condensate
at a 15% drawdown. The initial pressure gradient is 0.65 psi/ft
and core analysis indicates high pore compressibility and
significant permeability reduction at high net stress. You wish to
estimate future performance and ultimate recovery from this well
accounting for the stress-dependent permeability.

What fluid model and number of phases is appropriate for this

study?
Example 1 Solution
 Single phase gas model with formation
volume factor representation of volumetric
properties.
Example 2
A rich gas condensate field is under consideration for gas cycling.
You are to perform a simulation study with the objective of
determining the economic feasibility of building a liquids recovery
plant near the field to process the produced well stream. To size
the plant equipment you must estimate production rates and
composition of the produced well stream.

What fluid model type(s) are appropriate for this study? What
special tests and calculations should be performed to ensure the
validity of the fluid model?
Example 2 Solution
 Multicomponent fluid model with K(p, zi) or
EOS
 Laboratory fluid study is required
Problem 1
You are to evaluate the feasibility of waterflooding a crestal reef
reservoir. Historical production and recompletion data indicate
that a substantial secondary gas cap has formed at the top of the
structure. Initial gravity of the stock tank oil was 38° API and has
increased slightly over the life of the field. The initial producing
gas-oil ratio was 1600 scf/STB.

What is the proper fluid model

and number of phases necessary to properly model this
reservoir?
Problem 2
You are to evaluate the remaining reserves after
waterflooding of a shallow oil reservoir.
Current producing gas-oil ratio under
waterflood is 300 scf/STB.
What is the proper fluid model and number of
phases necessary to properly model this
reservoir?
Example Model
 Model construction will be illustrated using
the VLE-196 Field as an example.
PVT Properties
 Undersaturated oil at initial conditions
 Compositional gradient present initially
 Extrapolated PVT data from 5 laboratory
analyses
 Resulting black-oil PVT properties used in
model
Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo) vs
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio at Bubblepoint
(Rsgo) - Data Fit and Extrapolation
Formation Volume Factor of Oil at
Bubblepoint (Bo) vs Bubblepoint Pressure
(pb) - Data Fit and Extrapolation
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio at Bubblepoint
(Rsgo) vs Bubblepoint Pressure (pb) - Data
Fit and Extrapolation
Reciprocal Oil Viscosity vs Pressure - Data
Fit and Extrapolation
Reservoir Oil Density vs Pressure -
Data Extrapolation