MATTER

Matter

Anything that occupies

space and has mass/
weight
 Physical states of matter
STATE SHAPE VOLUME PARTICLES COMPRESSIBILITY
SOLID • Definite Definite • Rigidly cohering Increased
• Independent of • Tightly packed temperature, there
container • With strongest is a very small
attractive force expansion
• With slight rigidity
LIQUID • Indefinite • Indefinite • Mobile, cohering Increased
• Dependent on • When in the • Weak attractive temperature, there
the container container, the force is a moderate
volume becomes expansion
definite
GAS Indefinite Indefinite • Particles are • Increased
relatively far temperature,
apart there is large
• Weakest expansion
attractive force • Highly
• Makes particles compressible
independent of
one another
 Guide question:
Describe the particles in the three states of
matter
Solid
Liquid Gas
 Answer
Solid: closely packed; restricted motion
Liquid: far apart; free movement
Gas: very far apart; very free (chaotic)
movement
Examples of substances according to
the three states of Matter
Iron nail- Solid
Sugar- solid
Syrup- liquid
Air- gas
Ice- solid
Alcohol- liquid
 Other states of matter
 Amorphous solids
 These are crystalline materials that are without shape or form
 Examples: plastics, gels
 Plasma
 Constituents that are electrically charged
 It occurs in environment with high temperature
 Occurs only in the lightning discharges and artificial devices such as neon signs and
fluorescent bulb
 Bose Einstein Condensate
 Fifth state
 Satyendranath Bose
An Indian mathematician and Physicist
the scientist who discovered the fifth state
His work led to the particles of integral spin called “BOSON”
 Guide question:
Based on what we discussed, how are you
going to describe the particles present in the
two syringes?
 Answer:
Matter is made up of particles
that the plunger can be moved more easily in the
syringe containing an entrapped gas than in the
other syringe containing a solid.
A gas is made up of particles that are far apart from
each other, which can be pushed closer towards
each other;
A solid is made up of particles which are compact,
so that it is no longer possible to push these particles
closer to each other.
Particles composing matter

1. Atoms – the smallest particle

2. Molecules – composed of atoms
3. Ions – particles with charges
 Properties of Matter
According to change involved during
measurement of the property:
Physical property
Chemical property

According to dependence on the amount of

matter
Extensive property
Intensive property
 Physical property
 no change in composition takes place during the determination or measurement
of these properties.
 Example: Melting of ice, Evaporation of water
 Chemical property
 a change in composition occurs during the determination or measurement of these
properties.
 Examples: Rusting, digestion
 Extensive property
 change their value when the amount of matter or substance is changed.
 Examples: weight, volume
 Intensive property
 do not change their value when the amount of matter is changed.
 Example: Boiling point, Density
Matter based on the number of components present:
 Pure Substance
 Made up of one component
 Has a definite and fixed composition
 Based on the number of kinds of atoms present are made up
of
Element
compound
 Mixture
 Made up of several components
 Based on the uniformity of composition and properties can be
classified as
Homogeneous mixture
Heterogeneous mixture
Table sugar – pure substance
Table salt- pure substance
Distilled water- pure substance
Soft drinks- mixture
Oxygen gas (in tank)- pure
substance
Human breath- mixture
 Elements and Compounds
Elements
are pure substances that are made
up of only one kind of atoms.
 examples: iron; gold; mercury
Compounds are pure substances made
up of two or more kinds of atoms.
examples: salt; sugar; water
 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Homogeneous mixture
has a uniform composition and
exhibits the same properties in
different parts of the mixture.
Heterogeneous mixture
 has a nonuniform composition and its
properties vary in different parts of the
mixture.
2 or more physically distinct phases
phase

Homogeneous part of the system that is

separated from other parts by physical
boundaries
system

The body of the matter to be studied

Rubbing alcohol- homogeneous
Mixture of water and oil- heterogeneous
Mixture of salt and pepper-
heterogeneous
Carbonated soft drink- homogeneous
Human breath- homogeneous
 Common ways to separate the components of a
 Filtration
mixture
separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a
filtering membrane, like paper or cloth
 Distillation
separate a liquid in a homogeneous mixture
 Magnetic separation:
separate a magnetic solid from a heterogeneous mixture
 Decantation:
separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture based
on gravity
 Sublimation:
separate a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid
Salt from salt water
Can be separated by heating to
evaporate the water
Salt from a mixture of iron and salt
Can be separated by
Adding water to dissolve the
salt
Filter or decant to separate the
iron
 Elements
Building blocks of all substances
Examples of elements that do not occur in
nature, but may exist only as a radioactive
decay
Technetium (43)
Promethium (61)
Astatine (85)
Francium (87)
Names of elements and their origin
Iodine
Greek word “Iodes” meaning violet like
Iodine is violet in vapor state
Bismuth
Originates from a german word “
Weisse Masse” which means white mass
Miners called it “Wismat”
 Other elements were named after
location
Germanium – “Germany
Others are named in commemoration
of scientists

Einsteinium- Albert Einstein

Curium – Marie Curie
Symbols

Elements have abbreviation called “

Symbols”
Have either 1 or 2 letters
If there are 2 letters, only the first is
capitalized
 Symbols of elements derived from early
names
 Antimony (Sb) - Stibium
 Copper (Cu)- Cuprum
 Gold (Au)- Aurum
 Iron (Fe)- Ferrum
 Lead (Pb)- Plumbum
 Mercury ( Hg)- Hydrargyrum
 Potassium ( K)- Kalium
 Silver (Ag)- Argentum
 Sodium (Na)- Natrium
 Tin (Sn)- Stannum
 Tungsten (W)- Wolfram
 Classification of elements
 Metals
Used as tools in the construction materials and
automobiles
Solid at room temperature (except Mercury)
High luster
Good conductor of heat and electricity
Malleable (can be rolled or hammered into sheets)
Ductile (drawn into wires)
High melting point
High density
examples are copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury,
aluminum
 Classification of metals
Alloys
When metals are mixed with one
another to form homogeneous mixture
of solid
Example: Brass, Bronze, Steel, Coinage
metals
 Non metals
Major components of fuel, food, clothing, plastic
and wood
Non lustrous
Low melting point
Low density
Poor conductor of heat
Poor conductor of electricity
Examples: Carbon, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Iodine, -
solids
Bromine – liquid
Noble gases such as
Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon
Metalloid
Intermediate between metals and
non metals
Example Boron, Silicon, Germanium,
(these are raw materials for modern
electrons because they are used in
electronics industry
Inert gas
Elements which do not
interact with other substances
under ordinary conditions due
to their stability
 Elements that exist as diatomic molecules
 These contain exactly 2 atoms
 Hydrogen
 Symbol (H), molecular formula (H2)
 Nitrogen
 Symbol (N), molecular formula (N2)
 Oxygen
 Symbol (O), molecular formula (O2)
 Fluorine
 Symbol (F), molecular formula (F2)
 Chlorine
 Symbol (Cl), molecular formula (Cl2)
 Bromine
 Symbol (Br), molecular formula (Br2)
 Iodine
 Symbol (I), molecular formula (I2)
Illustration between and Element and
Mixture
Models of compounds
 compounds
Composed of two or more
elements that are chemically
combined
Can be decomposed into
simple products or substances
 When compounds combine, they can
form the following:
1. Molecule
Smallest uncharged unit of compound formed by
union of two or more atoms
2. Ion
A positive or a negatively charged atom or group
of atoms
Ionic compounds are held together by attractive
forces that exists between positively and negatively
charged ions
Cat ion(positively charged ion)
An ion (negatively charged ion)
 Based on composition, compounds
may be classified into:
Organic compounds
Contain Carbon
Came from living things such as plants and
animals
Inorganic compounds
The rest of the periodic table except
Carbon
Matter and its various
forms
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
ADSORPTION
Adhesion of molecules to the surface
ABSORPTION
Taking in of one material by another
 CAPILLARY ACTION
Spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube
Liquid will rise in the walls of the container
Substances that are not adsorbed move at the
same rate as the solvent
 Solution
Made up of a solute and a solvent
SOLUTE- particle to be dissolved
SOLVENT – dissolving medium
Water
 Solubility
Amount of one substance (Solute) that will be dissolved in a specific
amount of another substance (Solvent) under specific conditions
Other techniques used to separate mixtures
1. Chromatography
A method of separating components of a mixture
with different adsorption property on filter paper
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules to the
surface
Absorption is the taking in of one material by
another

Capillary action
The spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube
Substances that are not adsorbed move at the
same rate as the solvent
 Chromatography
2 phases:
Mobile phase- liquid
Stationary phase- solid, paper
3 methods:
Paper chromatography
Column chromatography
Gas chromatography
 Chromatography
Paper chromatography
Simplest and most commonly used technique
Stationary phase: paper
Mobile phase: alcohol, acetone
Particles that are attracted strongly to the
stationary phase will move more slowly as this
causes SEPARATION
Liquid will rise up strongly when held by the
paper, this is called the MOBILE phase
 Chromatography
Gas chromatography
Separation of gaseous mixture by using
unreactive carrier gas (MOBILE PHASE)
to drive the mixture to the column using
a narrow tube coated with non volatile
liquid (STATIONARY PHASE)
 Filtration
Filtration
Simplest method of separating solid
from liquid making use of a porous
barrier such as the filter paper or cloth
RESIDUE – the solid that remains in the
filter paper
FILTRATE- the liquid part that passed
through the filter paper through
filtration process
 Distillation
Distillation
Used to separate a mixture of two or more two or more liquids
that boil or vaporize at different temperatures
Heat – a process that converts liquids to vapor
Condenser – apparatus where heat is cooled with circulating
water
Flask – collects the vapor

Fractional distillation
Used to separate components such as gasoline, kerosene, and
diesel fuel
First receiving flask- liquid with lowest boiling point
 Extraction, Solubility, Precipitation, Sedimentation, Heating
 Extraction
A technique used to separate compounds based on differences in solubility
 Solubility
Amount of a substance to be dissolved in a specific amount of another
substance (Solvent )under specific conditions
 Precipitation
Substance is strongly attracted to only one of the compounds of the mixture
which results in the formation of the precipitate that settles at the bottom of
the container
 Sedimentation
Separation through sedimentation is facilitated using centrifuge apparatus
Particles are separated using different sizes
 Heating
Used to separate a pure substance to determine if its an element or a
compound
THAT’S ALL, THANK YOU