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Engineering
CE-209
Stresses in Soil
1
Insitu/geostatic stress 2
Vertical stresses
Ground surface
Consider a column of soil that extends
Area = A
from ground surface down to a point
where we wish to compute sz. Its
H1
weight is 1st stratum
g=g1
W g 1 H1dxdy g 2 H 2 dxdy g 3 H 3 dxdy
H2
2nd stratum
W dxdy gH g=g2
Ground surface
Area = A
H3
3rd stratum
g=g3
dy dx
5
Stresses in soil from surface & interior loads
• It is important to know how the surface stresses are
distributed within the soil & the resulting displacements
to estimate:
– whether the soil under geosystem would fail, or
– the resulting displacements are excessive, or
– whether nearby structures would be negatively affected.
• Soil is considered a semi-infinite, homogeneous, linear,
isotropic, elastic material.
• Semi-infinite mass is bounded on one side and extends
infinitely in all other directions. This is called elastic half
space.
• For soils, horizontal surface is the bounding side.
6
Stresses in soil from surface & interior loads
• Since we are assuming soil is an elastic material, we
can use the principle of superposition to determine
stress distribution for complex loadings by
– decomposing the complex loading into simple loads (e.g.
rectangular or circular) and
– adding the solution of each of these simple loads.
Induced Stresses 7
Boussinesq (1883) solved the problem of stress produced by any point load
on following assumptions.
• The soil mass is elastic, isotropic, homogeneous and semi-infinite.
• The soil mass is weightless.
• The load is a point load acting on the surface.
P P
x
r y
x
y
L Dsz z L
Dsx
z Dsy
Boussinesq formula for point load 9
P 3x 2 z x2 y2 y 2 z 3 3
5 1 2 2
Ds x 3 2 Ds z
3 Pz 3 P z
2 L Lr L z L r 2L 5
2
r z
2
2 52
P 3 y 2 z y2 x2 x 2 z where
Ds y 5 1 2 2 3 2 r x2 z 2
2 L Lr L z L r
L x2 y2 z 2 r 2 z 2
Vertical normal stress Dsz is independent of Poisson’s ratio.
P
r y
x = poisson’s
x ratio
y
L Dsz z
Dsx
z Dsy
Boussinesq formula for point load 10
3Pz 3 3P z3
Ds z
2L5
2 r 2 z 2 52
P 3 1 P
Ds z 2 2 IB
z
2 r z 2 1 z
5 2 P
3 1
where I B
2 r z 2 1 5 2
Boussinesq formula for point load 11
P
3 1
P
Ds z 2 52
2 IB
z 2
2 r z 1 z
P P
Westergaard’s formula for point loads 12
P 1 2 2 2 P
Ds z 2 IW
2z 2 1 2 2 r z 2 32
z
P 1 P
Ds z 2 2 IW
z 1 2r z 2 32
z
1 1
IW
where
1 2r z 2 32
Westergaard vs Boussinesq coefficient 13
1 1
IW
1 2r z 2 32
3 1
IB
2 r z 2 1 5 2
The value of IW at r/z = 0 is
0.32 which is less than that of
IB by 33%.
P
Vertical stress caused by a line load 15
q/unit length x
2q z3
Ds z
x 2 z 2 2 y
Dsz
z
A
x
z
Line load - example 16
Example 2: Following figure shows two line loads and a point load
acting at the ground surface. Determine the increase in vertical
stress at point A, which is located at a depth of 1.5 m.
P = 30 kN q2 = 10 kN/m q1 = 15 kN/m
2m 2m
3m
Dsz 1.5 m
A
Vertical stress caused by a strip load 17
2q z3
Ds z
x 2 z 2 2
For line load =>
2qdr z 3
Substitute qdr for q and (x – r) for x ds z
=>
x r z
2 2 2
z
Vertical stress caused by a strip load 18
1 z 1 z
tan tan
q x B 2 x B 2
sz
2 2
Bz x z B 4 2
x2 z 2 B2 4 2 B2 z 2
Vertical stress caused by a strip load 19
In non-dimensional form
1 2 z B 1 2 z B
tan tan
sz 1 2 x B 1 2 x B 1
q 2 z B 2
x B 2
2 z B 2
1
1
2 2 x B 2
2 z B 2
1
2
2 2 z B 2
sz/q
20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
Vertical stress caused
by a strip load
1
Graphical representation
of equation 2
2z/B
1 2 z B 1 2 z B
3
tan
tan 2 x B 1
s z 1 2 x B 1
q
2 z B 2 x B 2 2 z B 2 1
1 2 x B 2 2 z B 2 1 2 22 z B 2 4
2
5
Strip load - example 21
Example 3
Consider the following figure.
Given q = 200 kPa, B = 6 m, z = 3m.
Determine the vertical stress increase at x = ±9, ±6, ±3, and 0 m.
Plot the graph.
B=2b
q = Load per unit area
x
Dsz
z
A
x
z
Vertical stress due to embankment loading 22
qo B1 B2
a1 a 2 a 2
B1
Ds z
B2 B2
1 B1 B2 1 B1 B1
a1 (radians ) tan tan , a 2 tan
1
z z z
B2 B1
A simplified form of
above equation is
H q o = gH
Ds z qo I embank
a1
a2 z
B2/z
23
Ds z qo I embank Iembank
B2 B1
Osterberg’s chart
H q o = gH for determination
of vertical stress
due to
a1 B1/z
a2 z embankment
loading
Embankment loading - example 24
On integration we have
1
s z q 1 qIz
Ro z2
1 32
28
Stresses under uniformly loaded circular footing
Circular loaded area - example 29
Example 5
A water tank is required to be constructed with a circular
foundation having a diameter of 16 m founded at a depth of 2 m
below the ground surface. The estimated distributed load on the
foundation is 325 kPa. Assuming that the subsoil extends to a
great depth and is isotropic and homogeneous. Determine the
stress sz at points (i) z = 8 m, r = 0 (ii) z = 8 m, r = 8, (iii) z = 16 m, r
= 0, and (iv) z = 16 m, r = 8, where r is the radial distance from the
central axis. Neglect the effect of the depth of the foundation on
the stresses.
Stresses caused by rectangular loaded area 30
Consider a small area dxdy. the pressure acting on this area can be replaced by
a concentrated load dQ acting at its center. Hence
dQ qdA qdxdy x
dy q
The increase in stress dsz due to dQ
can be written as y dx
3qdxdyz 3
ds z
2 r z 2
2 52
Dsz
The increase in stress at point A due to entire
loaded rectangular area can be determined
by integrating above eq. A
B L
3qz 3
s z ds z dxdy qI rec
y 0 x 0
2 r z2
2 52
z
Stresses caused by rectangular loaded area 31
B L
3qz 3
s z ds z dxdy qI rec
y 0 x 0
2 r 2 z
2 52
2mn m 2 n 2 1 m 2 n 2 2
2 2
1 m n m n 1 m n 1
2 2 2 2
I rec
4
1 2mn m n 1
2 2
tan
m2 n2 m2n2 1
B L
m , n
z z
32
Stresses caused by
rectangular loaded area
B L
m , n
z z
Rectangular loaded area – different cases 33
A B A E B
G
F
D C D C
Case I Case II
Load on ABCD =
4 x Load on EBFG
A E B
Case III
Load on ABCD = Load on
I EBFI + IFCG + IGDH + AEIH
H F
D G C
Rectangular loaded area – different cases 34
A B A E B
F E
D C D F C
Case IV Case V
Load on ABCD = 2 x Load on ABEF Load on ABCD = 2 x Load on EBCF
A B E
Case VI
Load on ABCD = Load on
AEGI – BEGH – DFGI + CFGH
D F
C
I G
H
Rectangular loaded area - example 35
Example 6
A 20 x 30 ft rectangular footing carrying a uniform load of 6000
lb/ft2 is applied to the ground surface.
Required
The vertical stress increment due to this uniform load at a depth
of 20 ft below the center of loaded area
A E B
G F
20 ft
D C
30 ft
Newmark’s influence chart 36
Dsz/q=0.9, R = 1.9084
Dsz/q=0.8, R = 1.3871
Dsz/q=0.8, R = 1.3871
s z I N qM
IN = influence value of chart A
AB = z (depth below loaded area
q = pressure on loaded area at which stress is required)
M = number of elements of
chart enclosed by plan of loaded B
Influence value = 0.005
area
Newmark’s chart - example 38
Example 7
A raft foundation of the size given below carries a uniformly
distributed load of 300 kN/m2. Estimate the vertical pressure at a
depth of 9 m below point O marked in the figure.
Newmark’s chart - example 39
s z I N qM
IN = influence value of chart = 0.005
q = pressure on loaded area = 300 kPa
M = number of elements of chart
enclosed by plan of loaded area = 62
sz = 0.005x300x62 = 93 kN/m2.
Pressure isobars 40