CLAY

PRODUCTS
GROUP MEMBERS
1. ANJALI PATWARDHAN
2. RAJLAXMI MANDGE
3. SAKSHI KOTHARI
4. DIKSHITA MUTHA
5. WAHID DEVRA
6. SAGAR PARDESI
 DERIVED FROM GREEK WORD
KERAMOS.
 THREE CATEGORIES OF CERAMIC
PRODUCTS :
1. CLAY PRODUCTS
2. REFRACTORIES
3. GLASS
CLAY
 PLENTY IN NATURE.
 CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF IGNEOUS
ROCK.
 ORTHOCLASE FELSPAR
 WHEATISH , GREYISH AND PINKISH IN
COLOUR.
 ROCK DISINTIGRATION.
 CLAY PRODUCTION RESPONSIBLE.
 GIVES KAOLINITE ON DECOMPOSITION.
CLAY
 KAOLINITE COMPOSITION :
Al2Si2O5(OH)4
 LOW ‘SHRINK – SWELL’ CAPACITY.
 SOFT , WHITE MINERAL

 KAOLIN
 COMPOUNDS HELD IN COLLOIDAL STATE.
 BASIC CONSTITUENT IN ALL CLAYS.
 WITH ADDITION OF SILICATES OF
CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM, IRON OXIDE,
FREE SAND, SODIUM, MANGANESE,
CHLORIUM.
MANUFACTURING
 WET
 TENACITY & PLASTICITY DEGREE
 DRIED
 BURNT
 WATERFORMS : i) FREE WATER
ii) COMBINED WATER
 DRYING
 CLAY QUALITY
 CLAY PRODUCTS
EMPLOYED IN
BUILDING INDUSTRY
BRICKS :
 WE HAVE ALREADY STUDIED BRICKS
IN 1ST SEMISTER.
 IT IS ALSO A CLAY PRODUCT.
TILES
 SLABS OF BRICK BURNT IN KILN.
 TYPES

1. COMMON TILES
2. ENCAUSTIC TILES
COMMON TILES
 MOULDING :
 PLACED
 MOULDS : WOODEN, MECHANICAL,
POTTER’S WHEEL.
 CARE

DRYING :
 PLACED FLAT
 HEAPS FORMED
 IRREGULARITY IS CORRECTED
 LIFTED
 CLEANED AND STACKED
 DRYING UNDER SHADE
BURNING :
 BURNT IN KILN
 SIALKOTE KILN
 30000 – 40000 TILES ACCOMODATED
 KILN CONSTRUCTION
AND WORKING…
 SINGLE FIRING TECHNOLOGY
 72 HOURS TO 1 HOUR
 FUEL COST AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION
REDUCTION
 INCREASED QUALITY, DESIGN &
VERSATILITY.
IT SHOULD BE……
 FREE FROM CRACKS, FLAWS & BENDS.
 REGULAR IN SHAPE & SIZE.
 SOUND, HARD & DURABLE.
 WELL BURNT.
 SHOULD GIVE CLEAR RINGING SOUND
WHEN STRUCK.
 SHOULD GIVE EVEN & COMPACT
STRUCTURE WHEN SEEN ON BROKEN
SURFACE.
 POSSES UNIFORM COLOUR.
TYPES OF COMMON TILES :
DRAIN TILES :

• RETAIN POROUS TEXTURE.

• LAID IN WATER LOGGED AREAS.
• DRAINS VARY IN SHAPES.
• USED TO CONVEY IRRIGATION WATER.
• RARELY ADOPTED IN MODERN TIMES.
FLOOR OR PAVING TILES :
 VARY IN SHAPE.
 THICKNESS FROM 12mm TO 50mm
 SIZE VARIES FROM 150mm TO 300mm.
 HARD & COMPACT.
 CAN BE ADOPTED FOR SEALING.
 COLOUR PIGMENT FOR DESIRED COLOUR.
 LESS STENGTH FOR WALL TILES.
ADVANTAGES :
 AVAILABLE IN ENDLESS RANGE OF
COLOURS AND DESIGNS.
 EASIER TO LAY.
 LIGHTER THAN MOSAIC AND MARBLES.
 SCRATCH, STRAIN & DAMP-PROOF. ALSO
ANTI-SLIP.
 DON’T REQUIRE POLISHING.
ROOF TILES :
 ALLAHABAD TILES
MADE FROM SELECTED CLAY.
MOULDED UNDER MACHINE PRESSURE.
BURNT TO ATTAIN MORE STRENGTH.
PROVIDED WITH PROJECTIONS.
USED IN NORTH-WESTERN INDIA.
 CORRUGATED TILES :
HAVE CORRUGATION.
GIVES NICE APPEARANCE.
CAN BE EASILY BLOWN AWAY BY VIOLENT WIND.
 FLAT TILES :
ORDINARY FLOOR TILES.
FIXED ON BATTENS.
 FLEMISH TILES :
S-SHAPED
350mm * 225mm * 12mm
USED FOR SHADE,
 GUNA TILES :
HOLLOW TAPERED BURNT TILES.
CONICAL SHAPE.
100mm DIA. AT BROADER EDGE & 75mm AT NARROW
ANNULAR RING THICKNESS 6mm
 MANGLORE TILES :
FLAT PATTERN WITH INTERLOCKING
PROJECTIONS.
RED & MADE OF DOUBLE CHANNELLED BASEL
MISSION MANGLORE PATTERN.
15 TILES FOR 1 SQUARE METER AREA.
MANUFACTURED IN SOUTH INDIA.
ESTABLISHED IN 19TH CENTURY BY GERMAN
MISSIONARIES.
 PAN TILES :
SHORT & HEAVY.
LESS CURVED THAN POT TILES.
LENGTH VARIES FROM 330mm TO 380mm & WIDTH
VARIED FROM 230mm TO 280mm.
 POT TILES :
ORDINARY HALF ROUND COUNTRY TILES.
ALSO KNOWN AS LOCKING TILES.
PREPARED ON POTTER’S WHEEL.
POLISHED
LIABLE TO BREAK EASILY.
REQUIRES REPAIR.
 ENCAUSTIC TILES
 THREE LAYERS :
1. BODY
MADE OF COARSER CLAY.
2. FACE
6mm COAT OF FINE CLAY.
COLOURING MATTER.
3. BACK
THIN COAT OF CLAY.
 MANUFACTURE
 MOULDED
 PUT ON THE BACK OF FACE.
 FEW HOLES KEPT.
 SEGGREGATED ACCORDING TO DESIGN
& COLOURS.
 EXCESS IS REMOVED.
 TRIMMED, DRESSED, DRIED & BURNED.
 GLAZED AND REHEATED.
VITRIFIED TILES
 CERAMIC TILE WITH LOW POROUSITY.
 ALTERATIVE TO MARBLE AND GRANITE
FLOORING.
 WATER AND FROST RESISTANT.

PROCESS
 HYDRAULIC PRESSING A MIXTURE OF
CLAY, QUARTZ, FELDSPAR, SILICA.
 MAKES VITREOUS SURFACE.
 VITRIFICATION LIMITS DIFFER BY CLAYS.
TYPES
1. DOUBLE CHARGE
2. FULL BODY
3. GLAZED
4. SOLUBLE SALT

SOURCE : WIKIP
TERRA -
COTTA
 BAKED EARTH
 POROUS POTTERY MADE FROM
LOCAL CLAY ANFD GLAZED.
 SOFT ENOUGH TO BE SCRATCHED
BY KNIFE.
 PREPARATION :
 SELECTED CLAY
 IRON OXIDE 5%-8% AND LIME 1%
 ADDED SAND, GROUND GLASS, POTTERRY.
 IMPURITIES ARE REMOVED.
 CRUSHED, PULVERISED, MIXED.
 WEATHERING, TEMPERING.
 BEADED , PRESSED & COLOUR ADDITION.
MOULDING :
 PoP MOULD OR ZINC TEMPLETS USED.
 SIZE DETERMINED BY KEEPING DUE
ALLOWANCE FOR SHRINKAGE.
 MOULDED.

DRYING :
 KEPT IN MOULDS TO DRY.
 TAKEN OUT AND DRIED IN SHED.
 SLOWLY, CAREFULLY WITH CONTROLLED
TEMPERATURE.
 GRADUAL DRYING.
BURNING :
 SPECIAL MUFFLE FURNACE.

1. POROUS TERRACOTTA
2. POLISHED TERRACOTTA
ADVANTAGES
 STRONG & DURABLE.
 AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT COLOURS.
 CHEAPER & EASILY CLEANED.
 EASILY MOULDED IN DESIRED SHAPE.
 FIRE-PROOF
 LIGHT IN WEIGHT
 NOT AFFECTED BY ATMOSPHERE
FACTORS.
 CAPABLE WITHSTANDING
WEATHERING ACTIONS.
DISADVANTAGES :
 CANNOT BE FIXED DURING PROGRESS OF
WORK.
 TWISTED DUE TO UNEQUAL SHRINKAGE.

USES :
 TERRA COTTA BLOCKS FOR FENCING,
ARCHES,COLUMN CASTING, ETC.
 ADDOPTED FOR ORNAMENTAL WORK.
 FOR DECORATION AS CORNICES, SILLS,
COPINGS, FIRE PACES, PILLAR BASES, ETC.
EARTHENWARE
 ARTICLES PREPARED FROM CLAY BURNT AT
LOW TEMPERATURE & COOLED SLOWLY.
 FORMULATION 25% KAOLIN, 35% QUARTZ,
25% BALLCALAY & 15% FELDSPAR.
 MIXED WITH REQUIRED SAND , POTTERY,
ETC.
 WARES ARE SOFT & PORUS.
 WHEN GLAZED, IMPERVIOUS TO WATER .
 UNAFFECTED BY ACIDS OR ATMOSPHERIC
AGENTS.
TYPES OF EARTHENWARE :
 ANCIENT GREEK POTTERY.
 ANCIENT ROMAN POTTERY.
 REDWARE (AMERICA)
 VICTORIAN MAJOLICA
 LUSTERWARE
 RAKU
 IRONSTONE CHINA
 YELLOWWARE

SOURCE :

STONEWARE
ARTICLES PREPARED FROM REFRACTORY
CLAYS , MIXED WITH CRUSHED POTTEREY &
STONE.
 COMPACT AND DENSE THAN
EARTHENWARE.
 CLEAR RINGING SOUND WHEN STRUCK.
 IMPERVIOUS ON GLAZING.
 STRONG, DURABLE, RESISTANT TO
CORROSIVE FLUIDS & RESEMBLES FIREBRICKS.
 WASH BASINS, SEWER PIPES, GLAZED TILES,
WATER CLOSET, GULLY TRAPS,ETC.
SANITARYWARE
 CERAMIC PLUMBING FIXTURES.
 EG. SINKS, LAVATORIES, TOILET
BOWLS, ETC.
 COARSE-GLAZED EARTHENWARE
FOR SEER PIPES.

SOURCE : INTE
PORCELAIN
 INDICATES FINE EARTHERWARE.
 WHITE, THIN & SEMI-TRANSPERANT.
 ALSO CALLED WHITEWARE.
 CLAY OF SUFFICIENT PURITY USED.
 HARD, BRITTLE AND NON-POROUS.
 PREPARED FROM CLAY, FELDSPAR,
MINERALS AND QUARTZ.
 FINELY GRIND AND MIXED IN LIQUID
STATE.
 GIVEN DESIRED SHAPE AND BURNT.
TYPES OF PORCELAIN :

1.LOW VOLTAGE PORCELAIN.

 PREPRED BY DRY PROCESS.
 USED FOR SWITCH BLOCK, INSULATING
TUBES, LAMP SOCKETS.
 ALUMINA AND SILICA ADDED.

2. HIGH VOLTAGE PORCELAIN.

 PREPARED BY WET PROCESS.
 GLAZING
 GLAZE IS A GLASSY COAT OF THICKNESS
ABOUT 0.1 TO 0.2mm APPLIED ON A SURFACE
OF AN ITEM AND THEN FUSED INTO PLACE BY
BURNING AT HIGH TEMPERATURE.
PURPOSES :
1. TO IMPROVE APPEARANCE.
2. MAKE ARTICLES DURABLE, IMPERVIOUS.
3. PRODUCE DECORATIVE EFFECTS.
4. PROVIDE SMOOTH SURFACE.
5. TO PROTECT FROM ATMOSPHERIC AGENTS,
CHEMICALS & ACIDS.
METHODS OF GLAZING

1. TRANSPERANT GLAZING
A. SALT GLAZING
B. LEAD GLAZING

2. OPAQUE GLAZING
CLAY BLOCKS
 USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF PARTITIONS.
 THESE PARTITIONS ARE EFFICIENT IN
PREVENTING FIRE AND SOUND PASSAGE.
 LIGHT IN WEIGHT AND NON-SHRINKABLE.
 HOLLOW BLOCK THICKNESS 50mm TO
150mm.
 SOLID BLOCK THICKNESS 40mm.
 PROVIDED WITH GROOVES.