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Figure 7.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid
mosaics of lipids and proteins
• Phospholipids
– Are the most abundant lipid in the plasma
membrane
– Are amphipathic, containing both hydrophobic
and hydrophilic regions
WATER
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
Phospholipid
bilayer
Knife Proteins
Plasma Cytoplasmic
membrane layer
RESULTS These SEMs show membrane proteins (the “bumps”) in the two layers,
demonstrating that proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
Figure 7.5 A
RESULTS
Membrane proteins
+
Mouse cell Mixed
Human cell proteins
Hybrid cell after
1 hour
Fluid Viscous
Cholesterol
Carbohydrate
Glycolipid EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton Cholesterol Peripheral Integral CYTOPLASMIC SIDE
protein protein OF MEMBRANE
Figure 7.7
C-terminus
CYTOPLASMIC
a Helix SIDE
Figure 7.8
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Peripheral proteins
– Are appendages loosely bound to the surface
of the membrane
Glyco-
protein
Figure 7.9
• Cell-cell recognition
– Is a cell’s ability to distinguish one type of
neighboring cell from another
Secretory
protein
Glycolipid
Golgi 2
apparatus
Vesicle
3
Plasma membrane:
Cytoplasmic face
4 Extracellular face
Transmembrane
Secreted glycoprotein
protein
Membrane glycolipid
Figure 7.10
• Polar molecules
– Do not cross the membrane rapidly
Figure 7.11 A
Selectively
permeable mem- Water molecules
brane: sugar mole- cluster around
cules cannot pass sugar molecules
through pores, but
water molecules can
More free water Fewer free water
molecules (higher molecules (lower
concentration) concentration)
Osmosis
Water moves from an area of higher
free water concentration to an area
Figure 7.12 of lower free water concentration
Figure 7.13
Figure 7.13
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins
• In facilitated diffusion
– Transport proteins speed the movement of
molecules across the plasma membrane
Channel protein
Solute
CYTOPLASM
Figure 7.15
Solute
Carrier protein
Na+ Na+
Na+
[Na+] low P ATP
Na+
CYTOPLASM [K+] high ADP
Na+
Na+
Na+
K+
K+
K+
K+
5 Loss of the phosphate 6 Extracellular K+ binds to the
restores the protein’s protein, triggering release of the
P
original conformation. Pi Phosphate group.
Figure 7.16
ATP
Diffusion. Hydrophobic Facilitated diffusion. Many
molecules and (at a slow hydrophilic substances diffuse
rate) very small uncharged through membranes with the
polar molecules can diffuse assistance of transport proteins,
through the lipid bilayer. either channel or carrier proteins.
Figure 7.17
H+
Proton pump
H+
+
– H+
+ H+
–
CYTOPLASM
+ H+
+
–
Figure 7.18
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein
• Cotransport
– Occurs when active transport of a specific
solute indirectly drives the active transport of
another solute
Proton pump H+
H+
– +
– H+
+ H+ Diffusion
Sucrose-H+ of H+
cotransporter
H+
– +
– + Sucrose
Figure 7.19
Figure 7.20
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Receptor-mediated endocytosis enables the RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific
substances, even though those substances Coat protein
may not be very concentrated in the Receptor
extracellular fluid. Embedded in the Coated
membrane are proteins with vesicle
specific receptor sites exposed to
the extracellular fluid. The receptor
proteins are usually already clustered
in regions of the membrane called coated
pits, which are lined on their cytoplasmic
side by a fuzzy layer of coat proteins. Coated
Extracellular substances (ligands) bind Ligand pit
to these receptors. When binding occurs,
the coated pit forms a vesicle containing the
ligand molecules. Notice that there are
relatively more bound molecules (purple) Coat A coated pit
inside the vesicle, other molecules protein and a coated
(green) are also present. After this ingested vesicle formed
material is liberated from the vesicle, the during
receptors are recycled to the plasma receptor-
membrane by the same vesicle. mediated
endocytosis
(TEMs).
Plasma
membrane
0.25 µm