E VA L U AT I O N O F T H E S P I T Z K A S T E N

CLASSIFIER IN TERMS OF HYDRAULIC

VELOCITY AND MASS RECOVERY
GROUP 2
ABEJO
D I M AY U G A
L AG UNA
KASAN
MENDOZA
 INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS IMVOLVED

Based on the idea of adjusting fluid velocity for varying terminal velocities of

particles, the physical separation of particles sorted by their size is called

classification. A particle with a higher terminal velocity falls while others remain

suspended in the fluid (Seader et al, 2011)

 INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.1. Principle of classification.

Source: Seader, Henley & Roper (2011)

The farthest stream is where the particle with the lowest terminal velocity

will fall if a group of particles is fed into a moving body of fluid

 INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS IMVOLVED

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FLUID MEDIUM

WET CLASSIFICATION- uses air as fluid medium, Particles which are easy

to drag using are carried out while those which are not settle

DRY CLASSIFICATION- uses water, used in higher process rates at very fine

particles (Perry 2008), settling rate depends on individual specific

gravities
 INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS IMVOLVED

CLASSIFIERS

GRAVITATIONAL CENTRIFUGAL

HYDRAULIC SEDIMENTATION
-Make use of centrifugal force to
-use to separate fluid separate fine particles
-ensures high from slurry of solids -used in conjunction with a dust
separating efficiency through gravity based collector and a system fan
- on difference of
densities
INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS INVOLVED

FORCE BALANCE EQUATION

Equation 6.1
 INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS INVOLVED

PARTICLE MOVING AT CONSTANT AND MAXIMUM VELOCITY

Equation 6.2
 INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS INVOLVED

CALCULATING NRE AT VARYING CD FOR EVERY PARTICLE VELOCITY

Equation 6.3
INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS INVOLVED

CALCULATION OF TERMINAL VELOCITY

Equation 6.4
INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS INVOLVED

CALCULATION OF PRESSURE DROP USING BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Equation 6.5
INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS INVOLVED

FANNING FRICTION

CHURCHILL EQUATION

Equation 6.6-6.10
INTRODUCTION
A. PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAS INVOLVED

DETERMINATION OF PERCENT RECOVERY

Equation 6.11
INTRODUCTION
C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This experiment is important for the students to understand the

mechanism and thought of the clarification and applied it in the industry. Many

applications was accompanied in this operation as it is a separating process

necessary in the production of valuable products.

 INTRODUCTION
C. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The experiment aims;

• To calculate the theoretical terminal velocity for each sample

• To compare the actual and calculated terminal velocities of the samples with different
velocities, and

• To evaluate the individual recovery for two-sample and three-sample classification

combinations at varying flowrate
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. MATERIALS

• Lab-scale Spitzkasten Classifier

• Large steels
• Small steels
• Plastic beads
• Plastic pellets
• Pump
• Ruler
• Thermometer
• Analytical Balance
• Water
MATERIALS AND METHODS
B. METHODS

DETERMINATION OF PELLETS AND BEADS DIAMETER

MATERIALS AND METHODS
DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF THE SAMPLES
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CALCULATION OF ACTUAL TERMINAL VELOCITY
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CALCULATION OF THEORETICAL TERMINAL VELOCITY
MATERIALS AND METHODS
DATA DETERMINATION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
EXPERIMENT SETUP

2
MATERIALS AND METHODS

4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Separation process due to difference in densities of materials is called

classification. In particular, a spitzkasten classifier utilizes the difference in the

terminal velocity of the particles due to the varying densities. A particle with

certain terminal velocity can only settle by adjusting the inlet water (Geankoplis,

1993)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

As shown in table 6-1, beads with the higher density obtains a higher

terminal velocity which allows the material to settle faster

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 6-2 shows that there is a relatively big difference between the upflowing

water velocity and the terminal velocity of the desired material in the cone. Statistical analysis

shows that the difference between the two is significant.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Tables 6-3 and 6-4 shows that not all of the fed particles are recovered in the screens. The loss

is most probably due to shattering of the beads and pellets or loss during the sorting process
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

• Classification is a unit operation that separates fine particles from coarse

partciles.
• The equipment used in classification are classifiers and it operates by
separating particles according to their corresponding densities or settling
velocities.
• Based on the experiment, beads with the higher density obtains a higher
terminal velocity which allows the material to settle faster.
• Independent of the actual density, the presence of void spaces within the
particles may also trap air inside the particles, which imparts additional
buoyancy to the particle as it passes through the classfier.
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

• Results concluded that the recovery in the first and second setups were more efficient and
useful as compared to the third and fourth setup. It can also be noted that higher loading time
would give a higher percent recovery.
RECOMMENDATIONS

For future experimental runs, it is recommended that the void volume within each
particle is measured, to more accurately determine the actual density of the particles used.
The measurement of the void volume beforehand helps account for the measured
discrepancy between the actual and theoretical terminal velocities. Ideally however, a new
set of pellets without any void spaces present should be used. As Doing so would increase
the ease of the experimental procedure since it removes the need for measurement of the
void spaces within the particles in the first place.
Maintain steady state conditions during every run, by monitoring the level of the
water inside the tank
Also, more trials is recommended for better comparison.
REFERENCES

• GEANKOPLIS, C.J. (1993). Transport processes and unit operations (3rd

ed). USA: Prentice-Hall International.
• PERRY, R.H. & GREEN, D.W. (1997). Perry’s chemical engineers’ handbook
(7th ed). USA: McGraw-Hill Companies.
• SEADER, J.D., HENLEY, E.J. & ROPER, D.K. (2011). Separation process
principles Chemical and Biochemical Operations (3rd ed). USA: John Wiley
& Sons.
APPENDICES
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APPENDICES
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS