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Prepared By:
Yasir Manzoor (2011-EE-521)
Yasoon Aslam (2011-EE-504)
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What is PLC?

Programmable Logic Controllers are solid state devices

that can be programmed to performed sequential and
discrete state operation on external equipment

They are designed to perform the logic functions

previously accomplished by electromechanical relays,
drum switches, mechanical and electronic timers and
counters, standalone digital PID controllers etc.
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Similar to a Microcontroller:
Microprocessor Based
Onboard Memory for Storing Programs(RAM)
Input/output Ports
Analog to Digital converters
Digital to Analog converters
Special Programming Language: Ladder Logic
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Advantages of PLC’s
1. Armored for severe conditions (dust, moisture, heat )
2. have the facility for extensive no of Input/output (I/O).
3. High power ratings
4. Compact
5. Visual Programming(Ladder)
6. Cost effective for controlling complex systems
7. Flexible and can be reapplied to control
8. Less down time due to modular structures
PLC Size
1. SMALL - it covers units with up to 128 I/O’s and
memories up to 2 Kbytes.
- these PLC’s are capable of providing
simple to advance levels or machine
controls.
2. MEDIUM - have up to 2048 I/O’s and memories up
to 32 Kbytes.
3. LARGE - the most sophisticated units of the PLC
family. They have up to 8192 I/O’s
and memories up to 750 Kbytes.
- can control individual production
processes or entire plant.

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Areas of Application
 Manufacturing / Machining

 Food / Beverage

 Metals

 Power

 Mining

 Petrochemical / Chemical

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Selecting a PLC Criteria

• Number of logical inputs and outputs.

• Memory
• Number of special I/O modules
• Scan Time
• Communications
• Software
Leading Brands Of PLC
PAKISTAN
1.Siemens
2.Mitsubishi
3.Toshiba
4.Fatek
5.Festo

AMERICAN 1. Allen Bradley

2. Gould Modicon
3. Texas Instruments
4. General Electric
5. Westinghouse

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Leading Brands Of PLC
JAPANESE 1. Toshiba
2. Omron
3. Fanuc
4. Mitsubishi

EUROPEAN 1. Siemens
2. Klockner & Mouller
3. Festo
4. Telemechanique

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Eng. R. L. Nkumbwa @ CBU 10
2010
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Motor Control
PLCs and Ladder Logic

An Introduction
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Motor Control
PLCs and Ladder Logic

An Introduction
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Motor Control
PLCs and Ladder Logic

An Introduction
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Motor Control
PLCs and Ladder Logic

An Introduction
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Requirement when working with PLCs:

 Programming Terminal - laptop or desktop PC.
 PLC Software. PLC manufacturers have their own specific
software and license key.
 Communication cable for connection from Laptop to PLC.
 PLC
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Motor Control
PLCs and Ladder Logic

An Introduction
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PLC Programming Languages

 IEC 1131-3 is the international standard for programmable

controller programming languages. The following is a list of
programming languages specified by this standard:
o Ladder diagram (LD)
o Sequential Function Charts (SFC)
o Function Block Diagram (FBD)
o Structured Text (ST)
o Instruction List (IL)
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Ladder Logic:
Graphical language for describing output of an electrical
switching system as a function of its inputs.
• Also known as “relay ladder logic” or RLL
• Commonly used in PLC coding
• Primarily used to relate logical inputs (switch closures) to
relay coil outputs. (Start switch used to energize a motor
contactor relay)
Control Voltage
Source

START MOTOR

Control Voltage
Return
Contact
Coil
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Basic Symbols
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Normally Open Normally Closed

(NO) (NC)
Power flows through these contacts when they are
closed.

The normally open (NO) is true when the input or output

status bit controlling the contact is 1.

The normally closed (NC) is true when the input or output

status bit controlling the contact is 0.
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Coils

Coils represent relays that are energized when power

flows to them.

When a coil is energized it causes a corresponding

output to turn on by changing the state of the status bit
controlling the output to 1.

That same output status bit maybe used to control

normally open or normally closed contact anywhere in
the program.
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AND OPERATION
A B C
Rung

Each rung or network on a ladder program represents

a logic operation. In the rung above, both inputs A and B
must be true (1) in order for the output C to be true (1).
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OR OPERATION
A C
Rung

In the rung above, it can be seen that either input A or B

is be true (1), or both are true, then the output C is true (1).
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NOT OPERATION
A C
Rung

In the rung above, it can be seen that if input A is be true (1),

then the output C is true (0) or when A is (0), output C is 1.
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Real Life Problems Solved

Using PLC
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Problem #1
Suppose we want to automate our garage gate
i.e. when car move near the entrance of the garage the
gate opens ,and when we park the car the gate closes
after a specific time duration?
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Problem #2
Make an automated water controller. When the
low sensor detects the signal, motor is turned on.
When high sensor detects the signal, motor is turned
off?
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Problem #3
Design a conveyer system which counts 10
boxes. After counting the boxes, the system turned
off?
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Problem #4
Automate the traffic lights.
Red light turns on for 5 sec
Yellow light turns on for 2 sec
Green light turns on 7 sec
The lights glow in a cycle?
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TRiLOGI
Ladder Logic Simulation Software