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• tars/o……….tarsals (ankle)
• ten/o………..tendon
• tendin/o………tendon
• vertebr/o……..vertebra
The Skeletal
System
long bones
• Arms and
legs
(humerus,
femur).
Long Bones
• The longest portion of • The shaft is also
a long bone is called called the diaphysis.
the “shaft”. The outer Each end of the shaft
portion is compact has an area shaped
bone. Oxygen and to connect to other
nutrients are brought bones by means of
from the bloodstream ligaments and
to the compact bone. muscles. These ends
are called epiphysis
Short Bones
Wrists, ankles,
and toes
(carpals, tarsals).
Flat Bones
• Usually have
large flat
surfaces that
cover organs.
The shoulder
blades, ribs,
pelvis, and skull
have flat bones
Irregular Bones
•Irregular bones
are specialized
bones with
specific shapes.
•The bones of the
ears, face, and
vertebrae are
irregular bones.
Sesamoid Bones
– Sesamoid bones are
formed in a tendon
near joints.
• The knee cap
(patella) is a
sesamoid bone.
Sesamoid bones
are also found in
the hands and
feet.
• Bone Marrow
– Soft connective tissue is
important in the production of
blood cells.
– Red bone marrow is found in
infants’ bones and in flat bones
of adults.
– Yellow bone marrow is found in
most other adult bones and is
made up of connective tissue
filled with fat.
Divisions of skeleton
• Axial Skeleton:
– Skull
• Cranium
• Face
– Vertebral column
– Thorax
Bones of the Head (Skull)
– Frontal bone.
– Ethmoid bone.
– Parietal bone.
– Temporal bone.
– Occipital bone.
– Sphenoid bone.
• The Spinal Column
– Consists of 5 sets of vertebrae.
• Cervical vertebrae – 7 bones.
• Thoracic vertebrae – 12 bones.
• Lumbar vertebrae – 5 bones.
• Sacrum – 5 fused bones.
• Coccyx – the tailbone, formed
from 4 fused bones.
The Vertebral Column
• Bones of the
Chest
– Clavicle, or
collarbone.
– Sternum, or
breastbone.
– Twelve pairs of
ribs.
• Bones of the
Pelvis
– Pelvic girdle –
large bone that
forms the hips
and supports the
trunk of the body.
– Cartilage
connects the 2
pubic bones.
Appendicular Skeleton
– Upper
extremities
– Arms
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
Radius and Ulna
Bones of the Hand and Wrist
Appendicular Skeleton
– Lower
extremities
– Legs
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
The Femur
The Patella
Bones of the Foot
Joints
• Gliding joints
allows sliding
movement back
and forth
(example: wrist)
Diseases and Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Fractures – breaks or cracks in the
bone
Compound Fracture
• Also known as
an open fracture,
is a break with
an open wound
Compound fx of the ankle
Comminuted fx
• A break in which the
bone is fragmented or
shattered
Spiral fx
• This occurs when a
bone is twisted apart.
Osteoporosis
• Softening of the bones due to lack of
calcium and exercising
Osteomyelitis
• Caused by bacteria in
bone tissue
Arthritis
• It is an inflammation of the joints
causing pain, stiffness, aching,
and limited range of motion. The
three common types are
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,
and gout.
Osteoarthritis
is degeneration of the joints and
erosion of the joint cartilage
Rheumatoid Arthritis
• A systemic disease
affecting the
connective tissue.
Gout
• An accumulation of
uric crystals in the
joints. It usually
affects the big toe.
Sprain
• An injury or trauma to
the joints that tears
the ligaments.
Symptoms include
swelling, tenderness,
pain, and an inability
to move the area.
Scoliosis
• Side-to-side
(lateral) curvature
of the spine
Kyphosis
also known as a humpback
• Rounding forward at
the thoracic vertebrae
Lordosis
also known as a swayback
• An abnormal inward
curvature of the
lumbar spine
Bursitis
• Inflammation of the
bursa
Herniated Disc
• Also called a slipped
or ruptured disc
• One or more of the
spinal discs bulges
out from inside the
bony part of the
vertebrae