CHAPTER II

MODERN TECHNIQUES IN CRIME DETECTION AND

INVESTIGATION
 Alleged – the word alleged or allegedly connotes
something “claimed”. It leaves the truth of the averment
an open question.
 Case Manager – the over-all supervisor of the case.
 Contamination – the act or process of contaminating
something or becoming contaminated, or the unclean or
impure state that results from this.
 Cordon – a line of Police Officers or soldiers, or their
vehicles surrounding an area to control access to it.
 Crime Scene Investigation = is the conduct of
processes, more, particularly the recognition,
search, collection, handling, preservation and
documentation and interview of witnesses and
the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene.
 Crime = is an act or omission forbidden by law and
punishable by a fine, imprisonment, a combination of both.

 Crime Scene management = is the process more

particularly the proper protection of crime scene and
careful searching, collection, handling, preservation and
transportation of Physical Evidence from the scene of the
crime to the Crime Laboratory until it reaches the court
for final disposition of the cases.
 Command Post – an area which is ideally located
adjacent to the Crime Scene where the CSI Evidence
Custodian stays and receives the pieces of evidence
turned over to him for safekeeping by the other
evidence collectors.

 Dying Declaration – is testimony that would normally

be barred as hearsay but may nonetheless be
admitted as evidence in certain kinds of cases because
it constituted the last words of a dying person.
 First Responder – are members of the Police,
Military, Fire, Medical Teams, and other volunteer
organizations who are expected to be the first to
respond to calls for assistance in cases of
incidents.
 Investigator-on-Case – the person responsible for
and in charge of the investigation of a case.
 SOCO – Scenes of Crime Operative, specialist of the
Crime Laboratory group where request are addressed
if the evidence encountered needs special processing
due to significant or sensational cases.
 Venue – venue deals with the locality, the place where
the suit may be had, while jurisdiction treats of the
power of the court to decide the case on the merits.
 Evidence – the means sanctioned by the Rules
of Court, of ascertaining in a judicial preceding
the truth respecting a matter of fact. These
include but are not limited to documentary,
testimonial, electronic and object evidence,
gathered in the course of the investigation.
 First Responder
 Investigator-on-Case
 SOCO
 Case Manager
Composition of Investigation Team
1) Team Leader
2) Investigator/recorder
3) Photographer
4) Evidence custodian
5) Composite Illustrator/Artist
 1. Proceed to the crime scene to validate the
information received;

 2. Record the exact time of arrival and all pertinent

data regarding the incident in his issued pocket
notebook and notify the TOC;

 3. Cordon off the area and secure the crime scene

with a police line or whatever material to preserve its
integrity;
 4. Check whether the situation still poses
imminent danger and call for back up if necessary;

 5. Identify possible witnesses and conduct

preliminary interview and ensure their availability for the
incoming investigator-on-case;

 6. Arrest the suspect/s if around or in instances wherein the

suspect/s is fleeing, make appropriate notification for dragnet
operations;
 7. Prepare to take the “Dying Declaration” of severely
injured persons;
Requisites of a “Dying Declaration” are:
a. That death is imminent and the declarant is conscious of that
fact;
b. That the declaration refers to the cause and surrounding
circumstances of such death;
c. That the declaration relates to facts which the victim is competent
to testify to; and
d. That the declaration is offered in a case where in the declarant’s
death is the subject of the inquiry.
 8. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital using emergency
services;
 9. Account for the killed, wounded and arrested persons for proper
disposition;
 The four main tasks of the first officer on the scene are:
 To give first aid;
 To apprehend the suspected offender;
 To protect and if necessary collect and preserve
evidence; and
 To cordon off and protect the area.
 1. Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC shall
request for a briefing from the FR and make a quick
assessment of the crime;
 2. At this stage, the IOC shall assume full responsibility
over the crime scene and shall conduct a thorough
assessment of the scene and inquiry into the incident.
If necessary the IOC may conduct crime scene search
outside the area where the incident happened,
employing any of the various search methods;
 3. Based on the assessment, if the IOC determines that a SOCO team is
required, he shall report the matter to his COP and request for a SOCO,
 4. The IOC may by himself if the situation so demands, conduct CSI if,
there is no Provincial Crime Laboratory Office/Regional Crime Laboratory
Office in the province. The IOC must, however, ensure that the correct
procedures in the collection of evidence are observed to ensure the
admissibility of the evidence;

 5. The Police Station Operation Center, upon directive of the COP, shall
make the request for the SOCO team through the Provincial/City
Operations Center;
 6. It shall be the responsibility of the Provincial/City Operations Center
to facilitate the request for the SOCO Team;

 7. Upon the arrival of the SOCO Team, the IOC shall accomplish CSI
Form “2” (Request for the Conduct of SOCO) and submit the same to
the SOCO Team Leader. The SOCO team shall not enter the crime scene
unless the IOC makes the official written request wherein he assures
the SOCO team of his presence and support; and

 8. The IOC shall brief the SOCO Team upon their arrival at the crime
scene and shall jointly conduct the preliminary crime scene survey.
 Team leader
 Investigator/recorder
 Photographer
 Evidence Custodian
 Composite illustrator/Artist
1. Police line
2. Video camera
3. Voice recorder
4. Camera
5. Measuring device
6. Gloves
a) Investigator’s checklist
b) Anatomical diagram form
7) Flashlight
8) Fingerprint kit
9) Evidence bag
10) Evidence tag
11) Evidence bottles/vials
12) Investigator’s tickler contain
the following:
c) Evidence checklist
d) Turn-over receipt
 1. The SOCO Team shall not join any operations conducted by
the local police or accompany the FRs or the IOC in going to
the crime scene.

 2. Upon receipt of the Request for Conduct of SOCO, the

SOCO Team shall then conduct the scene of the crime
operations which include among others the narrative
description of the crime scene, photography, videography,
crime scene search, crime scene sketch, crime scene location
sketch, physical evidence recording and collection, and other
procedures necessary;
 3. In case the SOCO Team needs to temporarily suspend the
processing, the Chief of Police shall be primarily responsible
and accountable for securing the crime scene and ensuring
its integrity until the return of SOCO Team and the
conclusion of the CSI;
 4. After the termination of the SOCO, the SOCO Team Leader
shall brief the IOC on the initial results and thereafter
conduct the final crime scene survey together with the IOC;
and
 5. The SOCO Team shall accomplish the CSI Form “4” - SOCO
Report Forms and furnish the IOC of copies of the same
before leaving the crime scene.
 Manage and coordinate with all the members of
the investigating team on the case;
 Evaluate the evidences gathered and coordinate
with the IOC and other actors in the investigation
of the crime scene;
 Establish and prepare the case management
system; and

 Plan and manage follow up activities for criminal

cases.
 A. The IOC shall decide on the lifting of the security cordon
and the release of the crime scene upon consultation with
the SOCO Team Leader and he shall be responsible in
ensuring that all pieces of potential evidence have been
collected by the SOCO Team as any re-entry into the crime
scene after its release to the owner will require a Search
Warrant issued by the Court;

 B. The IOC shall accomplish the CSI Form “6”

(IOC/Investigator’s CSI Form) before the cordon shall be lifted;
 C. The IOC shall ensure that the appropriate inventory has been
provided by the SOCO Team and shall only lift the security cordon
and release the crime scene only after completion of the
documentation process;

 D. The IOC or the COP shall turn-over the crime scene to the owner
of the property or where the crime scene is a public place, to any
local person in authority using CSI Form “5” – (Release of the Crime
Scene Form);
 E. The IOC shall accomplish and submit the
Investigator’s Report with all the required attachments
to the COP within two (2) working days from the
date of incidence; and

 F. The CSI Report shall be the first entry in the Case

Folder for the investigation of the incident.