CLAY

SAND

FOSSIL FUELS
 I.3 main
types of
fossil fuels:
I.One day Oil, Coal I.It takes
they could and Natural millions of
run out. Gas. years to
form.

I.Fuelwood
is a fossil
fuel.
Fossil I.Cannot be
replaced
once used.

I.Give off
carbon
dioxide
when burnt.
Fuel I.Found
beneath the
ground.
I.Burnt in
power I.Can be
stations to I.Burnt to difficult to
generate give off get to.
electricity. heat.
 Heat Kinetic
Energy Energy

STEAM
FURNACE TURBINE GENERATOR
BOILER

Steam
Coal, oil and Water Condensed Electricity
natural gas water
 Coal
• Hard, shiny black coloured rock.
• Most mining underground, miner extract
with hand tools (pickaxe), load it in small
railcars by hand. Raw coal transported to
surface to processed and crushed in
breaker, waste coal (culm, gob) dumped
into huge piles.
• New technologies (large shovels, draglines)
permit surface mining, remove overburden
to expose coal, often result in large pits
regularly on mountaintop mining.
 Coal
• Hard, shiny black coloured rock.
• Most mining underground, miner extract
with hand tools (pickaxe), load it in small
railcars by hand. Raw coal transported to
surface to processed and crushed in
breaker, waste coal (culm, gob) dumped
into huge piles.
• New technologies (large shovels, draglines)
permit surface mining, remove overburden
to expose coal, often result in large pits
regularly on mountaintop mining.
How it formed?
• Plants that lived hundreds of million
years ago. Died compressed and cover
with soil. Therefore, air was limited and
stopped full decomposition process
creating peat. Over the years, heat and
pressure work to force out Oxygen ad
Hydrogen to form coal (in layers
known as seams).
 Oil

• A black, viscous slurry of different

hydrocarbons, other organic molecules,
and trace amounts of metals that can
be separated and chemically changed
into useful fuels and lubricants like
gasoline, diesel, propane, jet fuel and
even wax. A factory where crude oil is
separated into fuels and other products
by heating is called a refinery.
 Natural
Gas

• A naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas

mixture consisting primarily of
methane CH4, but commonly including
varying amounts of other higher
alkanes and sometimes a small
percentage of carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide or helium.
Mining Method
• Usually obtain it by pumping it out of the
ground. Found it under between folds of
rock and in areas of rock that are porous
and contain the oils within the rock itself.
The folds of rock formed as the earth shift
and moves. To obtain oil and gas, its need
to be drill through the earth to the ground.
Then, the oil and gas are pumped out from
the ground by oil rigs. Usually travel
through pipelines or by ship.
How it formed?
• Most oil and gas started as microscopic plants and animals that live in ocean. Died and
fell to seabed. They were buried under sediment and other rock. The rock squeezed
the diatom and energy in their bodies that could not escape. Carbons turns into oil
under high pressure and heat.
Fractional Distillation Tower
• Different sizes of hydrocarbons boil at different
temperatures and are refined by fractional
distillation.
Advantages Disadvantage
• Readily available • Environment issues: Acid rain and
• Easily transported greenhouse effect

• Low fuel cost • Inefficient

• Low building costs • Non-renewable.
• Short start-up times.