ISSUES IN COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
IN THE PHILIPPINES
ARMINTIA | BARCO | BEE | GARES
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 WHAT IS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT?
The term “community development” designates the utilization under the one single program of approaches
and techniques which rely on local communities as units of action and which attempt to combine outside
assistance with organized local self-determination and effort and which correspondingly seek to stimulate local
initiative and leadership as the primary instrument of change.

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 The Philippine Community Development Plan proceeds from the
assumptions previously listed and incorporates some desirable
INTRO features that take into consideration basic approaches to
effective social change.

• The plan uses basic of the social
structure as its major units of
operation, i.e, the barrio and the
municipality.
• The plan uses elected local
leadership to sponsor
innovations rather than
depending solely upon
promotion by external agents.
• The plan recognizes the role of a
general barrio worker as a
facilitator and stimulator of
change as distinct from the role
of a technical specialist.
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• The plan approaches barrio
problems from the integrated
wholeness of life point of view.
• The plan encourages the aided
self-help approach to barrio
improvement with its
concomitant requirement of local
determination of project
priorities.
• The plan provides for using
coordinated teams of experts to
capitalize on the accumulated
knowledge and experience of the
capital agencies.
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2 CRUCIAL POINT OF
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
1. To obtain the necessary agency
cooperation for the successful operation
of the Municipal Community
Development Councils.
2. To orient government personnel at
national, provincial and municipal levels
about the plan and where they fit in it.

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT:
ISSUES, CHALLENGES, AND
ADB'S APPROACH
KEY ISSUES AND TRENDS
 RAPID URBAN POPULATION
GROWTH
• In 2008, more than half of the world human
population, 3.3 billion people, lived in urban
areas. By 2030, this is expected to balloon to
almost 5 billion. Most of this growth will be in
developing countries. The urban population of
Africa and Asia is expected to double between
2000 and 2030 (UNFPA, 2007).

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RISE OF MEGACITIES
• Urban centers are increasing in size and number. At
the beginning of the last century, there were only 11
megacities in the world with populations of more
than 1 million each. By 2030, UN predicts that there
will be more than 500 cities in the world with
populations of more than 1 million each; more than
half of these cities will be in Asia. In addition, the
peri-urban areas in many big cities are rapidly
expanding.

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 HIGH URBAN POVERTY LEVEL
• Asia's poor represent about 70% of the world's
poor-nearly one in three Asians is poor. Almost
25% of Asia's urban population is poor, and the
rate is increasing, as there is a continuous influx
of poor people into cities.

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INADEQUATE BASIC SERVICES
• Large number of Asian cities cannot adequately
provide urban basic services to the increasing
number of urban residents. Less than half of the
cities population is covered by water supply. A
number of cities do not have efficient systems of
solid waste collection. Majority of the cities in
developing countries do not have sewerage system
connections, and sanitary landfill facilities.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION
• With an increasing population density,
especially in slums areas, environmental and
health problems are rising. In addition to
mitigating air and noise pollution and
controlling wastes, managing the consumption
of non-renewable resources have become
more serious concerns.

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT:
ISSUES, CHALLENGES, AND
ADB'S APPROACH
KEY CHALLENGES
 SUSTAINING URBAN AREAS AS
ENGINES OF GROWTH
• Cities are focal points for economic activities,
and engines of economic growth. They are
centers of excellence for education, health
care, culture, technological innovation,
entrepreneurship, social services, government
administration, and communications with the
world. They create opportunities for jobs,
employment and livelihood. They are as well
focal points for rural hinterlands to alleviate
rural poverty.

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MANAGING URBAN GROWTH
• The rapid rate of urbanization needs to be effectively
managed to ensure that the potential economic and
social development arising from urbanization are
optimized to reduce poverty, improve the quality of
life and protect the environment.

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 BRIDGING SUPPLY AND
DEMAND GAP ON
INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES
• There exists an enormous gap between
demand for infrastructure services and capacity
to finance urban development. In 2004,
conservative estimates suggested about $250
million per year in infrastructure investments
would be needed to support urban growth
over the next 25 years.

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STRENGTHENING URBAN
MANAGEMENT CAPACITY
• Capacity of cities to manage urban growth and
development, including preparedness to respond to
disasters, needs to be strengthened. Project-based
approaches with short time horizon adopted in some
cities are unsustainable and did not effectively
address long-term goals.

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 DECENTRALIZING URBAN
ADMINISTRATION
• Many governments have decentralized
responsibilities to local governments. This gives
local governments more strategic role in
planning and decision-making in urban
development. However, funding may not have
always matched with devolved functions.
Decentralization also requires collaboration
between the central and local governments.

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RESPONDING TO
GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization has thrust cities into new frontiers
making it more imperative for cities to be globally
competitive.

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CURRENT ISSUES OF THE
LAND USE PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 • Interplay of plans and hierarchies
in the Philippine planning system
has been characterized by
multiple policies of different
authorities with overlapping
mandates.
• Vertical frictions in the planning
system due to the timely
misalignment of different plans
and incomplete information
exchange between agencies.
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• Separation of types of land
hinders municipal planners to
integrate this land into
comprehensive land use planning
and thus largely excludes
residents using these lands from
the provision of municipal public
services.
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 The CLUPs are supposed to be harmonized with the Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan—
frequently not sufficiently achieved in either direction. At the same time, inputs provided by a Barangay
Development Plan, mandated by the Department of the Interior and Local Government, are supposed to be
incorporated into the planning goals of the CLUP. In the absence of a formulated Barangay Development Plan,
the CLUP can thus only assume barangay planning goals, which reduces the quality of local representation.
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 • Horizontal frictions occur due to
the misalignment of the CLUP
and the Comprehensive
Development Plans (CDP)—both
municipal level plans.
• This linkage of aligning spatial
and socio-economic
development goals with
budgetary planning often lacks
coherence
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• Inconsistencies in the planning
process leave greater leeway for
politicized decisions and ad hoc
project prioritizations by
powerful executives or local
political elites, in which, for
example, political supporters are
more likely beneficiaries of
projects and the disbursement of
funds.
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o In extreme cases, vested interests of
executive officers and influential
landowners block the formulation and
approval of zoning ordinances as well as
implementation according to plans.
o The cadastral systems of different planning
administrations and sectorial agencies are
largely disconnected, and exact delineation
of different parcels and land types is often
missing.
o Landholders thus face a multitude of
different forms of formal, semi-formal and
informal land titles. In this void, the use of
land, especially by smallholder farms, often
takes place unregulated.

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 • Non-tenant farming or land use under unclear
tenancy arrangements (such as customary use) are
widespread phenomena in the Philippines, despite
existing efforts to implement comprehensive
agrarian reform
• Over the past two decades, regions within and
adjacent to Metro Manila have sporadically grown
without proper planning, with their capacities unable
to keep up with a growing urban population.
• Host of infrastructure, health, environmental and
social problems, including traffic congestion,
burgeoning informal settlements, disaster
vulnerability, and threats to water and food security.

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MAIN HINDERING FACTORS FOR
SUCCESSFUL CLUP FORMULATION,
UPDATING AND IMPLEMENTATION
ARE:
• Frictions and political interference
• complexity in planning policies; rivalling mandates
• limited capacities of local governments
• tenure conflicts
Consequently, HLURB estimated in 2012 that 70% of
municipalities had no or outdated land use plans (GIZ
and ANGOC, 2014). A DEval survey of Municipal
Planning and Development Offices in the Visayas region
in 2016 found that while 84 out of 100 municipalities
had land use planning documents, only 37 had been
approved by the Provincial Land Use Committee.

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 MEETING URBAN DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
The future of the Philippines will largely depend on the performance of its urban areas. Already, most people,
40 million, live in urban areas. Urban areas are beacons of opportunity; urban incomes are 2.3 times rural
incomes. They already account for the vast majority (70%) of economic output. The contribution of urban areas
to economic growth is even greater. For example, in 2000, the largely urbanized Philippines heartland (NCR +
Regions III and IV) alone accounted for 60% of economic growth.
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 • High rural-urban migration feeds urban growth,
adding to the high natural growth rates in
urban areas themselves. The continuing rural-
urban transition is rooted in the fact that urban
areas, as engines of growth, offer opportunities
for the rural poor. The urban areas are where
localization and globalization forces intersect,
innovation occurs, new jobs are created, and
lifestyles are largely set.

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 Meeting the challenges brought by urbanization will be a
daunting task. The
following areas of concern should be addressed to be able to
KEY ISSUES enhance the productive capacity and the quality of life of urban
dwellers:

• Competitiveness and
employment creation.
• Urban Governance and
Management.
• Urban Governance and
Management.

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 MOST OF THE CITIES MAIN
URBAN CHALLENGES:
• Rapid urban growth
• Habitation challenges
• Increasing unemployment and limited
economic
• Lack of urban basic services
• Ineffective urban planning and land
• Increasing vulnerability of the urban poor
• Water management issues

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 RECOMMENDATIONS
• The importance of urbanization for both
growth and poverty alleviation calls for a
coherent national framework toward
urbanization in the next Medium Term
Development Plan, as has been proactively
done in other East Asian countries such as
China and Thailand. The objective of such a
national urbanization framework should be to
develop the Philippine urban areas into livable
and globally competitive areas which can truly
serve as engines of growth for the country.
Such a framework should include the following
key elements:

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• Improving urban and metropolitan governance and
management;
• enhancing competitive-ness of urban regions;
• alleviating urban poverty;
• developing infrastructure; and
• managing migration.

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 National government plays a critical role in creating an incentive
structure for local officials to improve the efficiency of urban
service delivery. The priorities actions at the national government
level include:

• Setting up performance • Institutionalizing, in coordination

standards and independent
monitoring and ratings systems
• Setting up performance
standards and independent
monitoring and ratings systems
• Fostering new forms of
institutional management to
govern the metropolitan regions
• Revitalize and scale up national
programs to upgrade and
regularize slums
with local academia, training
programs for urban local officials.
• Increasing accountability
• Increase local resource
mobilization
• Develop and implement broad-
based, participatory
development strategies and plans
• Adapting local institutional
structure

• Reform land administration and

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• Implement programs to upgrade and regularize all
slums in the entire cities
• Improving the efficiency of local service delivery
• Stakeholder partnerships
• Formulation of city development strategies
• Inter-local cooperation
• Cities as ecosystems
• City leaders as economic managers

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THANK YOU
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