BALAI

WILAYAH SUNGAI
SUMATERA IV

KAJIAN KEGAGALAN BENDUNGAN BERDASARKAN TIPE

BENDUNGAN DAN SKENARIO KEGAGALAN

Makassar, 04 Oktober 2019

 Outline

1 Pendahuluan
2 Analisa Data

3 Pembahasan

4 Kesimpulan

5 Rekomendasi
 1.Pendahuluan

10 Kegagalan Bendungan dengan Korban Jiwa Terbesar

No Nama Bendungan /Kejadian Lokasi Tahun Korban Jiwa

1 Banqiao and Shimantan Dams Zhumadian, China 1975 171.000

2 Nevado Del Ruiz Mudflow Armero Columbia 1985 22.000

3 Machhu II Dam Morbi, India 1979 5.000

4 South Fork Dam Johnstown, United States 1889 2.209

5 Vajont Dam Monte Toc, Italy 1963 2.000

6 Möhne Ruhr, Germany 1943 1.579
7 Kurenivka Mudslide Kiev, Ukraine 1961 1.500
8 Tigra Dam Gwalior, India 1917 1.000
9 Panshet Dam Pune, India 1961 1.000
10 Iruka Lake Dam Inuyama, Japan 1868 941 3
 1.Pendahuluan (Tipe-Tipe Bendungan)

Urugan Tanah Urugan Batu Beton

Baja Alami
4
 1.Pendahuluan (Skenario Kegagalan)

Struktural
Overtopping

Spillway
Piping/Erosi Internal 5
 2. Analisa Data

Makalah ini mengobservasi dan menganalisa 112

kejadian bencana bendungan yang tercatat
sepanjang sejarah di dunia.
 2. Analisa Data
No. Nama Bendungan Tipe Tanggal Lokasi Korban Skenario 21 Llyn Eigiau dam and Concrete 11/2/1925 Dolgarrog, United Kingdom 17 Overtopping
Bendungan Kerusakan (jiwa) Kegagalan Coedty reservoir
1 Way Ela Natural 7/25/2013 Maluku, Indonesia 1 Structural
2 Lijaizui Dam Earthfill 4/27/1973 Gansu Province, China 516 Overtopping 22 St.Francis Dam Concrete 3/12/1928 Santa Clarita, California, United 600 Natural
States Disaster
3 Puentes Dam Concrete 1802 Lora, Spain 608 Unknown 23 Castlewood Dam Rockfill 1933 Franktown, Colorado, United 2 Design
4 Bilberry reservoir Earthfill 2/5/1852 Holme Valley, United Kingdom 81 Structural States of America
(Holmfirth Flood) 24 Granadillar Dam Concrete 1934 Canary Islands, Spain 8 Design
5 Dale Dike Earthfill 03/11/1864 South Yorkshire, United 244 Design
25 Secondary Dam of Concrete 1935 Molare, Italy 111 Natural
Reservoir Kingdom Sella Zerbino Disaster
6 Iruka Lake Dam Earthfill 1868 Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture 941 Overtopping 26 Horonai Dam Concrete 1941 Ōmu, Hokkaido, Japan 60 Structural
(then Owari Province), Japan 27 Nant-y-Gro dam Concrete 1942 Elan Valley, United Kingdom 0 Deliberate
7 Mill River Dam Earthfill 1874 Williamsburg, Massachusetts, 139 Design Breaching
United States 28 Edersee Dam Concrete 5/17/1943 Hesse, Germany 70 Deliberate
8 South Fork Dam Earthfill 5/31/1889 Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 2,209 Spillway Breaching
United States 29 Möhne Dam Concrete 5/17/1943 Ruhr, Germany 1579 Deliberate
Breaching
9 Walnut Grove Dam Rockfill 1890 Wickenburg, Arizona, United 100 Overtopping
30 Xuriguera Dam Concrete 1944 Barcelona, Spain 8 Foundation
States
10 Gohna Lake dam Natural 8/25/1894 Garhwal, India 1 Overtopping 31 Heiwa Lake Dam Earthfill 1951 Kameoka, Kyoto Prefecture, 117 Unknown
11 Austin Dam Concrete 4/7/1900 Austin, Texas, United States 8 Structural Japan
32 Tangiwai Disaster Natural 12/24/1953 Whangaehu River, New Zealand 151 Natural
12 Hauser Dam Steel 4/14/1908 Helena, Montana, United 0 Foundation
Disaster
States
33 Taisho Lake Dam Earthfill 1951 Ide, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan 108 Overtopping
13 Broken Down Dam Concrete 9/24/1908 Fergus Falls, Minnesota, 0 Design
United States 34 Vega de Tera Concrete 1/9/1959 Ribadelago, Spain 144 Structural
14 Sweetwater Dam Concrete 1/27/1916 San Diego County, California, 0 Overtopping 35 Malpasset dam Concrete 12/2/1959 Côte d'Azur, France 423 Foundation
United States
15 Lake Toxaway Dam Earthfill 8/13/1916 San Diego County, California, 0 Design 36 Kurenivka mudslide Earthfill 3/13/1961 Kiev, Ukraine (then Ukrainian 1500 Structural
SSR of the Soviet Union)
United States
16 Austin Dam Concrete 9/11/1911 Austin, Pennsylvania, United 78 Design
37 Panshet Dam Concrete 7/12/1961 Pune, India 1000 Structural
States
17 Desná Dam Rockfill 1916 Czech Republic (then Desná, 62 Design 38 Baldwin Hills Earthfill 12/14/1963 Los Angeles, United States 5 Piping
Austria-Hungary) Reservoir
18 Lower Otay Dam Rockfill 1916 San Diego County, California, 14 Overtopping 39 Vajont Dam Concrete 10/9/1963 Monte Toc, Italy 2000 Natural
United States Disaster

19 Tigra Dam Concrete 8/19/1917 Gwalior, India 1000 Piping 40 Spaulding Pond Dam Rockfill 3/6/1963 Norwich, United States 6 Structural
(Mohegan Park)
20 Gleno Dam Concrete 12/1/1923 Province of Bergamo, Italy 356 Design
 2. Analisa Data
41 Swift Dam Earthfill 6/10/1964 Montana, United States 28 Structural 61 Meadow Pond Dam Earthfill 3/13/1996 New Hampshire, United States 1 Design
42 Mina Plakalnitsa Earthfill 3/6/1963 Vratsa, Bulgaria 107 Structural
62 Saguenay Flood Earthfill 7/19/1996 Quebec, Canada 10 Overtopping
43 Sempor Dam Rockfill 6/10/1964 Central Java Province, 138 Overtoppin
Republic of Indonesia g
63 Opuha Dam Earthfill 2/6/1997 Canterbury, New Zealand 0 Design
44 Certej dam Rockfill 10/30/197 Certej Mine, Romania 89 Design
failure 1 64 Doñana disaster Earthfill 4/25/1998 Andalusia, Spain 0 Foundation
45 Buffalo Creek Earthfill 2/26/1972 West Virginia, United States 125 Design
Flood 65 Shihgang Dam Concrete 9/21/1999 Taiwan 0 Natural
46 Canyon Lake Earthfill 6/9/1972 South Dakota, United 238 Overtoppin Disaster
Dam States g 66 Vodní nádrž Rockfill 2002 Soběnov, Czech Republic 0 Structural
47 Banqiao and Earthfill 8/8/1975 Zhumadian, China 171000 Overtoppin Soběnov
Shimantan Dams g 67 Zeyzoun Dam Earthfill 6/4/2002 Zeyzoun, Syria 22 Overtopping

48 Teton Dam Earthfill 6/5/1976 Idaho, United States 11 Piping 68 Silver Lake Dam Earthfill 5/14/2003 Michigan, United States 0 Foundation
49 Laurel Run Dam Earthfill 7/19/1977 Johnstown, United States 40 Overtoppin
g 69 Hope Mills Dam Earthfill 5/26/2003 North Carolina, United States 0 Structural
50 Kelly Barnes Earthfill 11/6/1977 Georgia, United States 39 Design
Dam 70 Big Bay Dam Earthfill 3/12/2004 Mississippi, United States 0 Piping
51 Machhu II Dam Earthfill 8/11/1979 Morbi, India 5000 Overtoppin 71 Camará Dam Concrete 6/17/2004 Paraiba, Brazil 3 Design
g
72 Shakidor Dam Earthfill 2/10/2005 Pasni, Pakistan 70 Overtopping
52 Wadi Qattara Earthfill 1979 Benghazi, Libya 0 Structural
Dam
73 Taum Sauk Concrete 12/14/2005 Lesterville, United States 0 Design
53 Lawn Lake Dam Earthfill 7/15/1982 Rocky Mountain National 3 Piping reservoir
Park, United States
74 Ka Loko Dam Earthfill 3/14/2006 Kauai, United States 7 Overtopping
54 Tous Dam Earthfill 10/20/198 Valencia, Spain 8 Design
2
75 Campos Novos Concrete 6/20/2006 Campos Novos, Brazil 0 Structural
55 Val di Stava dam Earthfill 7/19/1985 Tesero, Italy 268 Design
Dam
76 Gusau Dam Concrete 9/30/2006 Gusau, Nigeria 40 Structural
56 Kantale Dam Earthfill 4/20/1986 Kantale, Sri Lanka 180 Structural
77 Lake Delton Concrete 6/9/2008 Lake Delton, United States 0 Overtopping
57 Upriver Dam Concrete 5/20/1986 Spokane, United States 0 Design
58 Belci dam failure Earthfill 7/29/1991 Belci, Romania 25 Overtoppin
78 Koshi Barrage Concrete 8/18/2008 Koshi Zone, Nepal 250 Piping
g
59 Peruća Dam Earthfill 1/28/1993 Split-Dalmatia County, 0 Deliberate 79 Kingston Fossil Earthfill 12/22/2008 Roane County, United States 0 Structural
detonation Croatia Breaching Plant coal fly ash
slurry spill
60 Merriespruit Earthfill 2/22/1994 Free State, South Africa 17 Design
tailings dam 80 Algodões Dam Earthfill 5/27/2009 Piaui, Brazil 7 Structural
 2. Analisa Data
81 Situ Gintung Earthfill 3/27/2009 Tangerang, Indonesia 98 Piping 96 Maple Lake Concrete 10/5/2017 Paw Paw, Michigan 0 Structural
Dam
97 Patel Dam Earthfill 5/10/2018 Solai, Kenya 47 Design
82 Sayano- Concrete 8/17/2009 Sayanogorsk, Russia 75 Design 98 Panjshir Valley Concrete 7/11/2018 Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan 10 Structural
Shushenskaya dam
Dam
99 Xe-Pian Xe- Earthfill 7/23/2018 Attapeu Province, Laos 36 Design
83 Kyzyl-Agash Earthfill 3/11/2010 Qyzylaghash, Kazakhstan 43 Structural Namnoy Dam
Dam
100 Swar Chaung Dam Earthfill 8/19/2018 Yedashe, Myanmar 4 Spillway
84 Hope Mills Dam Concrete 6/16/2010 North Carolina, United 0 Piping
States
101 Brumadinho dam Earthfill 1/25/2019 Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, 217 Design
85 Testalinda Dam Earthfill 6/13/2010 Oliver, Canada 0 Design disaster Brazil

86 Delhi Dam Earthfill 7/24/2010 Iowa, United States 0 Overtoppin 102 Tiware Dam Rockfill 7/2/2019 Ratnagiri District, India 23 Overtopping
g

87 Niedow Dam Earthfill 8/7/2010 Lower Silesian Voivodeship, 1 Overtoppin 103 Nevado Del Ruiz Earthfill 11/13/1985 Armero Columbia 22000 Natural
Poland g Mudflow Disaster

88 Ajka alumina Concrete 10/4/2010 Ajka, Hungary 10 Structural 104 Bear Wallow Dam Earthfill 2/22/1976 Asheville, North Carolina 4 Piping
plant accident
105 Little Deer Creek Earthfill 6/16/1963 Provo, Utah 1 Piping
89 Fujinuma Dam Earthfill 3/11/2011 Sukagawa, Japan 8 Natural Dam
Disaster
106 Shijiagou Dam Earthfill 8/25/1973 Gansu Province, China 81 Overtopping
90 Ivanovo Dam Concrete 2/6/2012 Biser, Bulgaria 8 Piping
91 Köprü Dam Concrete 2/24/2012 Adana Province, Turkey 10 Structural 107 Liujaitai Dam Earthfill 8/8/1963 Hebei Province, China 937 Overtopping
92 Dakrong 3 Dam Concrete 10/7/2012 Quảng Trị Province, 0 Design
Vietnam 108 Hengjiang Earthfill 9/15/1970 Guangdong Province, China 891 Piping

93 Tokwe Mukorsi Concrete 2/4/2014 Masvingo Province, 0 Structural 109 TimberLake Dam Earthfill 6/22/1995 Lynchburg, Virginia 2 Overtopping
Dam Zimbabwe

94 Mount Polley Earthfill 8/4/2014 British Columbia, Canada 0 Piping 110 Lee Lake Dam Earthfill 3/24/1968 Massachusetts, United States 2 Foundation
tailings dam
failure
111 Dongkoumiao Earthfill 6/2/1971 Zhejiang Province, China 186 Piping
Dam
95 Mariana dam Earthfill 11/5/2015 Mariana, Minas Gerais, 19 Design
disaster Brazil 112 Oroville Dam Earthfill 2/7/2017 Sacramento, United States 0 Spillway
 3.Pembahasan

Kegagalan Bendungan berdasarkan Tipe Bendungan

3% 1%

8%
Urugan Tanah (62)

Beton (37)
33%
55% Urugan Batu (9)

Alami (3)

Baja (1)
 3.Pembahasan

Bendungan Urugan Tanah/Earthfill

3% 2% Overtopping (17)
2%
5% 5% Struktural (10)
24% Piping (10)
Desain (15)
27%
Spillway (3)
Fondasi (3)
16%
16% Bencana Alam (2)
Kerusakan disengaja (1)
Tidak di Ketahui (1)
 3.Pembahasan
Bendungan Beton/ Concrete Dam Bendungan Urugan Batu/Rockfill Dam
3% Overtopping (4) 22%
11% Struktural (11)
8%
2% 11% Piping (4) Overtopping (4)
0% 30% Desain (9)
33%
45% Desain (3)
24% Spillway (0) Struktural (2)
11% Fondasi (1)
Bencana Alam (4)
Kerusakan disengaja (3)
Tidak di Ketahui (1)
Bendungan Alami Bendungan Baja

33% 34% Overtopping (1)

Struktural (1)
Fondasi (1)
Bencana Alam (1)
33%
 3.Pembahasan

Bendungan Eksisting di Indonesia

8%
22%
Urugan Tanah (147 Bendungan)
70%
Urugan Batu (46 Bendungan)

Beton (16 Bendungan)

(Sumber : Dirjen SDA, 2015)

 4.Kesimpulan
• Dari total kegagalan bendungan yang terjadi, 56% merupakan Bendungan
Urugan Tanah (Earthfill Dam)
• Tipe Bendungan Urugan Tanah paling sering mengalami kegagalan
dengan skenario kegagalan Overtopping (27%)
• Dari total kegagalan bendungan yang terjadi :
1. 24% merupakan kesalahan pada desain, konstruksi dan OP (faktor
kesalahan manusia)
2. 22% mengalami overtopping
3. 21% mengalami kegagalan struktural
• Dari 209 bendungan yang terdapat di Indonesia, 147 bendungan bertipe
Urugan Tanah (70%)
 5.Saran

• Beberapa metode untuk menanggulangi kegagalan akibat overtopping

antara lain :
1. Perlindungan dengan vegetasi
2. Penggunaan geo-textile
3. Pemasangan Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) pada hilir bendungan
4. Pemasangan blok beton pada hilir bendungan
• Untuk menanggulangi kegagalan akibat desain, konstruksi dan OP, standar
teknis dan regulasi konstruksi serta supervisi yang ketat seharusnya menjadi
fokus utama dalam pembangunan .
 5.5.Saran
Saran

Pemasangan Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Sebagai Proteksi Lereng Hilir

(sumber : Pan & He , 2000)
 5. Saran

Pemasangan blok beton pada hilir bendungan

(Sumber : Koutsourals,1994)
 Referensi
• Association of State Dam Safety Officials (2015) - Dam Failures and Dam Incidents (Near
Failures)
• Hanson,G.J. – Temple,D.M. – Cook,K.R. (1999) . Dam Overtopping Resistance and Breach
Processes Research. Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference Association of State Dam Safety
Officials, Oct. 10-13, St. Louis, p.7.
• Kementerian PUPR Direktorat Jendral Sumber Daya Air Balai Bendungan (2015), Rekap Data
Bendungan Eksisting.
• Koutsourals, M. 1994. A study of articulated concrete blocks designed to protect embankment
dams, Geotechnical Fabrics Report, 9/94 Issue, p. 4.
• Pan,J. – He,J. (2000). Large Dams in China. A Fifty – Year Review. China Water Power Press,
Beijing, 2000. pp. 1128
• United States Bureau Of Reclamation (2014, February). RCEM : Dam Failure and Flood Event
Case History Compilation.
• Williamson,T. (2017), Historic Dam Failures and recent incidents.

18
TERIMA KASIH