WELCOME

ANIMAL
KINGDOM
•• Animals
Animals are
are multicellular
multicellular and
and heterotrophic.
heterotrophic.
•• Animal
Animal kingdom
kingdom is
is most
most diverse
diverse than
than the
the plant
plant
kingdom.
kingdom.
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
1. LEVELS OF ORGANISATION

2. BODY SYMMETRY

3. GERM LAYERS

4. COELOM

5. METAMERISM

6. NOTOCHORD
 1. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Based on the organization of the cells, there are 3 levels of
organization
i. Cellular level of organization: Cells are arranged as
loose cell aggregates. E.g. sponges
ii. Tissue level of organization: Cells are arranged into
tissues. E.g. coelenterates, ctenophores
iii.Organ level of organization: Tissues are arranged into
organs and the organs are associated to form organ
systems. Each system performs a specific physiological
function. E.g. All higher animals (from platyhelminthes
to chordates).
• Organ systems of different animals show
complexities. For example,
• The digestive system of cnidarians and
platyhelminthes is incomplete (only a single
opening functioning as mouth and anus).
Complete digestive system has 2 openings
(mouth and anus).
• Circulatory system is 2 types (open and closed).
 2. BODY SYMMETRY
It is the arrangement of similar body parts on 2 sides of
main axis of body.
Based on symmetry, animals are 2 types:

1. Asymmetrical:
• Body cannot be divided into 2 similar parts.
• E.g. Snails, some sponges.

2. Symmetrical:
• Body can be divided into 2 similar parts.
 2. BODY SYMMETRY

Symmetry is 2 types:
– Radial symmetry
– Bilateral symmetry
• Radial symmetry: Body
can be divided into 2
similar parts by any
plane along oral- aboral
axis of body. E.g. some
Sponges, Coelenterates,
Echinoderms.
 2. BODY SYMMETRY
• Bilateral symmetry: Body
can be divided into 2 right
and left halves by a section
passing through the
longitudinal axis.
E.g. All vertebrates
and many invertebrates.
• Such animal has
– An upper or vertebral dorsal
side
– A lower ventral side
– Left and right lateral sides
– Anterior (cephalic) side and
– Posterior (anal) side.
 3. GERM LAYERS
• The layers of gastrula from which
body organs are formed.
• Based on the number of germ
layers, animals are 2 types-
Diploblastic and Triploblastic.
– Diploblastic animals: 2 germ
layers- outer ectoderm and inner
endoderm. E.g. Sponges and
Coelenterates.
– Triploblastic animals: 3 germ
layers- Outer ectoderm, middle
mesoderm and inner endoderm.
E.g. Flat worms to mammals.
 4. COELOM (BODY CAVITY)
• It is the space between body
wall and gut wall.
• Coelom separates the
muscles of gut and body
wall.
• On the basis of nature of
coelom animals are 3 types.
– Acoelomate
– Pseudocoelomate
– Eucoelomate (True
coelomate)
 4. COELOM (BODY CAVITY)
a. Acoelomate: No coelom. The space
between body wall and digestive
cavity is filled with matrix
(parenchyma). E.g. Porifers,
Coelenterates and flat worms.
b. Pseudocoelomates: Here, blastocoel
becomes the coelom. It is not lined
by peritoneal layer. E.g. roundworms.
c. Eucoelomates (True coelomates): The
coelom in animals except the
roundworms arises from the
mesoderm. Coelom is lined by
peritoneal layer and filled with
coelomic fluid. E.g. Annelids to
mammals.

Haemocoelomates: In Arthropods and mollusks, true

coelom is reduced and filled with blood.
COELOM
Functions of coelom:
– It accommodates visceral organs
– Coelomic fluid provides moist environment
to visceral organs
– Acts as shock absorber
– Friction is minimized.
5. METAMERISM (SEGMENTATION)

• In some animals, the

body is formed of
similar parts (segments
or metameres). This
segmentation is called
metamerism. E.g.
Annelids, Arthropods.

• In vertebrates: only
internal metamerism.
 6. NOTOCHORD

• It is a supporting rod
formed on the dorsal
side during embryonic
development in some
animals. Animals with
notochord are called
chordates and those
without notochord are
called non-chordates.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

KINGDOM
ANIMALIA

NON-CHORDATA CHORDATA
NON-CHORDATA
NON-CHORDATA
PORIFERA (SPONGES)
PORIFERA (SPONGES)

CNIDARIA (JELLY
CNIDARIA (JELLY FISHES)
FISHES)

CTENOPHORA (COMB
CTENOPHORA (COMB JELLIES)
JELLIES)

PLATYHELMINTHES (FLAT
PLATYHELMINTHES (FLAT WORMS)
WORMS)
PHYLA
ASCHELMINTHES (ROUNDWORMS)
ASCHELMINTHES (ROUNDWORMS)

ANNELIDA (RINGED
ANNELIDA (RINGED WORMS)
WORMS)

ARTHROPODA (JOINT-LEGGED)
ARTHROPODA (JOINT-LEGGED)

MOLLUSCA (SOFT
MOLLUSCA (SOFT BODIED)
BODIED)

ECHINODERMATA (SPINY
ECHINODERMATA (SPINY SKINNED)
SKINNED)

HEMICHORDATA
HEMICHORDATA
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
PHYLUM CHORDATA

SUBPHYLUM
UROCHORDATA (TUNICATA)

SUBPHYLUM
CEPHALOCHORDATA

SUBPHYLUM
VERTEBRATA
 KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Levels of
Germ
organisati Symmetry Coelom Phylum
layers
on
Cellular Diploblasti Asymmetric
Acoelomate Porifera
level c al/ radial
Diploblasti Cnidaria
Tissue Radial Acoelomate
c Ctenophora

Acoelomate Platyhelminthes

Pseudocoelom
Aschelminthes
ate
Organ/
Triploblast
Organ Bilateral Annelida
ic
system Arthropoda
Mollusca
Coelomates
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
 KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Levels of Germ Symmetr
Phylum organizatio layers Coelom
y
n
Asymmetrical
Diplo-
Porifera Cellular / Acoelomate
blastic
radial
Cnidaria Tissue -do- Radial -do-
Ctenophora -do- -do- -do- -do-
Organ/ Triplo-
Platyhelminthes Bilateral -do-
Organ system blastic
Pseudo-
Aschelminthes -do- -do- -do-
coelomate
Annelida -do- -do- -do- Coelomate
Arthropoda -do- -do- -do- -do-
Mollusca -do- -do- -do- -do-
Echinodermata -do- -do- Radial -do-
Hemichordata -do- -do- Bilateral -do-
Chordata -do- -do- Bilateral -do-
PORIFERA
 PORIFERA (SPONGES)
• Habit: Aquatic. Sedentary.
Solitary or colonial.
• Digestive system: Absent.
Digestion is intracellular.
Water transport (canal
system) to gather food.
• Respiratory system: Absent.
Respiration by canal system.
• Circulatory system: Absent.
Circulation by canal system.
• Excretory system: Absent.
Excretion by canal system.
• Nervous system: Absent.
 PORIFERA (SPONGES)

• Reproductive system:
✓ Hermaphrodite.
✓ ARP by fragmentation.
✓ SRP by the formation of
sperms and ova.
✓ Fertilization internal.
✓ Development is indirect.
 PORIFERA (SPONGES)

• Other features:
✓ Millions of minute pores
(ostia).
✓ Body wall with outer layer of
flat cells (pinacocytes) and
inner layer of flagellated cells
(choanocytes or collar cells).
✓ Body is supported by spicules
& spongin fibres.
✓ Highest degree of regenerating
capacity.
 PORIFERA (SPONGES)
• Examples: Sycon (Scypha), Leucosolenia, Spongilla (fresh
water sponge), Euspongia (Bath sponge)

Sycon Euspongia Spongilla

 CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA)

• Habit: Aquatic. Solitary or

colonial. Sessile or free
swimming.
• Digestive system: Incomplete.
Intracellular and extracellular
digestion.
• Respiratory system: Absent
• Circulatory system: Absent
• Excretory system: Body
surface
• Nervous system: Only a
network of neurons.
 CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA)
• Reproductive system:
✓ Polyp reproduces asexually (budding) and medusa sexually.
✓ Fertilization external.
✓ Development is indirect.
 CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA)
• Other features:
✓ Tentacles for food collection and defence.
✓ Tentacles possess cnidoblasts (stinging cells) with poison
filled capsule (nematocyst).
✓ Cnidoblast is used to kill or paralyse the enemies & prey.
CNIDOBLAST
 CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA)
• Other features:
✓ Polyp and Medusa are 2 kinds of body forms.
✓ Show polymorphism and alternation of generation.
 Examples
Hydra, Obelia, Physalia, Aurelia, Sea-anemone, Corals etc

HYDRA
PHYSALIA
CORALS
 Ctenophora (Comb jellies)

• Habit: Marine, solitary and pelagic.

• Digestive system: Incomplete.
Intracellular & extracellular digestion.
• Respiratory system: Absent
• Circulatory system: Absent
• Excretory system: Body surface
• Nervous system: Only a network of
neurons.
 Ctenophora (Comb jellies)

• Reproductive system:
✓ Only SRP.
✓ Hermaphrodite.
✓ Fertilization external.
✓ Development is indirect.
• Other features:
✓ Locomotion is by 8 vertical
external rows of ciliated comb
plates.
✓ Tentacles present.
✓ Shows Bioluminescence.
 Examples
Ctenoplana, Pleurobrachia, Cestum, Hormiphora
PLATYHELMI
NTHES
 Platyhelminthes (Flat worms)

• Habit: Parasites. Some are

free-living. Mainly aquatic.
• Digestive system:
✓ Branched alimentary canal
with mouth.
✓ Anus absent.
✓ In parasites alimentary
canal absent.
• Respiratory system: Absent
• Circulatory system: Absent
 Platyhelminthes (Flat worms)

• Excretory system:
✓ Protonephridia with flame
cells (solenocytes).
✓ Ammonotelic
• Nervous system:
✓ Ladder-like.

✓ A brain and nerve cords,

connected by
transverse nerves.
 Platyhelminthes (Flat worms)
• Reproductive system:
✓ ARP by fragmentation and
regeneration.
✓ Most are hermaphrodite.
✓ In SRP fertilization is internal.
✓ Development is indirect
• Other features:
✓ Unsegmented flat leaf like body
(except tape worms).
✓ The first group showing
cephalization.
• Examples: Taenia solium, Planaria,
Liver fluke
PLANARIA
LIVERFLUKE & TAPEWORM
ASCHELMINTHES
Aschelminthes (Nemathelminthes or
Round worms)
• Habit: Free living or
parasitic
• Digestive system:
✓ Tubular alimentary canal
with mouth, pharynx,
intestine and anus.
✓ Mouth may possess
teeth
• Respiratory system: Absent
• Circulatory system: Absent
• Excretory system: H-shaped
Renett cells. Ammonotelic
Aschelminthes (Nemathelminthes or
Round worms)
• Nervous system: Consists of
circumpharyngeal ring with dorsal
and ventral nerves.
• Reproductive system:
✓ SRP.
✓ Internal fertilization.
✓ Development is direct.
• Other features:
✓ Syncitial epidermis.
✓ Thick cuticle.
✓ Sexual dimorphism.
• Examples: Ascaris, Ancylostoma,
Wuchereria, Enterobius
ANNELIDA
 Annelida (Segmented worms)
• Habit: Terrestrial, fresh water
or marine or parasitic.
• Digestive system: Pharynx,
oesophagus, stomach,
intestine.
• Respiratory system:
Cutaneus respiration. Some
have branchial (gill)
respiration
• Circulatory system: Closed
type
• Excretory system: Nephridia.
Aq. forms are ammonotelic
and terr. forms ureotelic.
 Annelida (Segmented worms)

• Nervous system: A pair

of cerebral ganglia
(brain) and a double
ventral nerve cord.
• Reproductive system:
✓ Earth worms and
leeches are
hermaphrodites.
✓ Free swimming
trochophore larva.
 Annelida (Segmented worms)

• Other features: True

segmentation.
Covered by thick cuticle.
Locomotory organs are
setae or parapodia.
• Examples: Earthworm,
Leech, Neries, Aphrodite,
Chaetopterus
LEECH NERIES
LEECH
ANNELIDA