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Unit-1
Lecture -01
Basics
• Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids
either in motion (fluid dynamics) or at
rest (fluid statics) and the subsequent
effects of the fluid upon the boundaries,
which may be either solid surfaces or
interfaces with other fluids.
Why Fluid Mechanics?
Why??
Analyze any system involving fluids
– Almost all transportation systems
•Aircraft
•Automobiles
•Ships
– Fluid Machinery
•Pumps, fans, blowers, turbines,
compressors
– Air Conditioning, Refrigeration
– Sports
•Cricket ball, Golf
Basics
• When you think about it, almost everything on this
planet either is a fluid or moves within or near a
fluid.
• The essence of the subject of fluid flow is a
judicious compromise between theory and
experiment. Since fluid flow is a branch of
mechanics, it satisfies a set of well documented
basic laws, and thus a great deal of theoretical
treatment is available.
• From the point of view of fluid mechanics, all
matter consists of only two states, fluid and
solid. The difference between the two is
perfectly obvious to the layperson, and it is an
interesting exercise to ask a layperson to put
this difference into words. The technical
distinction lies with the reaction of the two to
an applied shear or tangential stress.
• A solid can resist a shear stress by a static
deformation; a fluid cannot. Any shear stress
applied to a fluid, no matter how small, will
result in motion of that fluid.
Fluid The word fluid means a substance
having particles which readily change
their relative positions.
Force = F
Bottom fixed
dβ
Behavior of fluid under similar
condition
dβ
• The fluid moves and deforms continuously as
long as the shear stress is applied. As a
corollary, we can say that a fluid at rest must
be in a state of zero shear stress, a state often
called the hydrostatic stress condition in
structural analysis.
• Given the definition of a fluid above,
every layperson also knows that there
are two classes of fluids, liquids and
gases. Again the distinction is a
technical one concerning the effect of
cohesive forces.
• A liquid, being composed of relatively close-packed
molecules with strong cohesive forces, tends to retain
its volume and will form a free surface in a
gravitational field if unconfined from above.
• Since gas molecules are widely spaced with negligible
cohesive forces, a gas is free to expand until it
encounters confining walls. A gas has no definite
volume, and when left to itself without confinement,
a gas forms an atmosphere which is essentially
hydrostatic. The hydrostatic behavior of liquids and
gases is taken up in this unit. Gases cannot form a
free surface, and thus gas flows are rarely concerned
with gravitational effects other than buoyancy.
Distinction between liquid and gas.
• A fluid may be either a liquid or a gas.
Ser. Liquid Gas
No.
1 Liquid has specific volume. Don’t have
specific volume
2 Because of above said Don’t have free
property it posses free surface.
surface.
3 For all practical purpose Compressible in
treated as a in nature or having
compressible fluid or variable density
density is constant.
Some Important Properties
• Density, r
• Pressure p,
• Viscosity m ,
• Surface Tension s ,
• Specific Gravity, g
• Etc.
Density
y
Volume,
Mass, m
C Volume,
Mass, m
Page 13
Topics
• Fluid Statics
• Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere
• Flow rate measuring devices
• Velocity potential
• Vorticity and circulation
• Stream Function
• Cylinder Flow
Viscosity 1
P P’
Force, Fx
Fluid Element Velocity u
y at time, t+t
y
x
y
N O
PP' Ut
tan
y y
U
Rate of Strain
t y
U u
Stress or in general, s
y y
Viscosity
u
s m
y
Property of fluid
Viscosity
u
In general m
y
m is called
•absolute or dynamic viscosity.
•Its dimensions are ML-1 T-1 Kinematic viscosity (n) is
defined as ( m/r) . Its
dimensions are M L-3
Page 26
Non-Newtonian Fluids
n
du
k
dy
du
Page 28 Deformation rate dy
Viscosity
T 110.4
where T is in Kelvin and m is in
kg/s m.
Surface Tension
It is the apparent interfacial stress that acts when a
liquid has a density interface
like liquid-gas, liquid-solid, liquid-liquid
Fluid surface behaves like a membrane stretched over
the fluid.
Needle supported on a fluid
Small droplets of mercury on a solid surface
Small insects on water surface
Surface Tension
2R
2R
q Dh
2σ cosθ
Δh Dh
λR q
q<90 0 q>90 0
Page 18
Surface Tension
water
water
soap wax
Wetting Non-wetting
Surface Tension
(forces on half a fluid drop)
pπ R 2
2 Rs R p2
s
2s
p
R
2R
Continuum Flow
dz
dx
dy
Page 50
Mass of the Element
dm r d
Where
dm dx dy dz
Second Law
• Boils down to a force balance
p p p
0, 0, r g
x y z
dp
r g g
dz
Where g is specific weight
Absolute and Gage pressures
Standard Atmospheric
pressure (1.01 bar)
Absolute Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
1.013 bar
Vacuum
Absolute and Gage pressures
Vacuum
Blade Manufacturing
In blade Manufacturing all pressure are Negative
gauge or Vacuum pressure
1. After lay completion of lay first vacuum is
achieved is: -1000 mbar
Tropopause
-56.5 0C 11 Km
Troposphere
T = T0 –mz
m= 0.0065 K/m
150 C
Variation of Temperature with
Height
-56.5 0 C
16
stratosphere
12
11 Km
troposphere
8
M=6.5 K/Km
Altitude
4
Kms
0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Temperature 0 C
Troposphere
dp
r g
dz
p rRT
T T0 mz, m is called " lapseRate" , K/m 0
g / mR g / mR
mz T
p p0 1 p0
T0 T0
Stratosphere
dp
r g
dz
p rRT
p2 g z1 z 2 ) r 2
exp
p1 RTs r1
Troposphere (2)
• Lapse Rate m= 0.0065 K/m