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Responsibility
Accounting
Prepared by
Douglas Cloud
Pepperdine University
9-2
Objectives
Define goal congruence and explain its
relationship to control and performance
evaluation.
Identify the types of responsibility centers
and explain the differences among them.
Determine the positive and negative aspects
of specific criteria used for evaluating the
performance of responsibility centers.
Continued
9-3
Objectives
Calculate contribution margin variances and
explain their significance.
Describe the pros and cons of including cost
allocation in performance reports.
Describe some approaches to allocating costs
to responsibility centers.
Explain how cost allocations can create
ethical problems.
9-4
A major objective of
management control is
to encourage goal
congruence, which
means that as people
work to achieve their
own goals, they also
work to accomplish the
company’s goals.
9-5
Responsibility Centers
A responsibility center is an activity, such
as a department, that a manager controls.
Types of Responsibility Centers
Cost centers
Revenue centers
Profit centers
Investment centers
9-6
Responsibility Centers
A cost center is a segment whose manager is
responsible for costs, but not revenues. A
cost center can be relatively small.
Examples:
A manufacturing cell
The office of the chief executive
The legal department
9-7
Responsibility Centers
A revenue center is a segment whose
manager is responsible for earning
revenues, but not for the costs of generating
revenues.
Examples:
Hospitals
Marketing departments
9-8
Responsibility Centers
• A profit center is a segment whose manager
is responsible for revenues as well as costs.
• An investment center is a segment whose
manager is responsible not only for
revenues and costs, but also for the
investment required to generate profits.
9-9
Transfer Price
Continued
9-15
Continued
9-17
Analyzing Contribution
Margin Variance
Profit depends on several factors, including
selling prices, sales volumes, and costs.
Budgeted and actual profits rarely coincide
because prices, volume, and costs can (and
do) vary from expectations. To plan and to
evaluate previous decisions, managers need to
know the sources of variances.
9-22
Cost Allocations on
Responsibility Reports
Operating departments in manufacturers
work directly on products. Operating
departments in a retail company serve
customers directly.
Service departments (service centers) provide
services to operating departments and to one
another. Examples: human resources,
accounting, and building security.
9-26
Allocation Example
Raleigh Company has one service department, Maintenance, and two operating
departments, Fabrication and Assembly. Data for the departments follow:
Operating Hours of Maintenance Service Used
Department: Budgeted Actual
Fabrication 20,000 20,000
Assembly 20,000 10,000
Total 40,000 30,000
Maintenance Department Costs for Year:
Budgeted Actual
Variable (budgeted, $5.00; actual, $5.10) $200,000 $153,000
Fixed 75,000 79,500
Totals $275,000 $232,500
9-29
Allocation Example
Actual per-hour cost $232,500
of providing the service = 30,000 hours = $7.75/hr.
Chapter 9
The End
9-32