… OUTLINE …

The Project for

Promoting Countermeasures
akarta Against Land Subsidence
in Jakarta

Kemen PPN/ Pemprov

Kemen PUPR BAPPENAS
Bappenas DKI
DKIJakarta
Jakarta Kemen
Kemen ESDM
ESDM Kemen LHK
 FACT….. LAND SUBSIDENCE ISSUES

Expected Land Subsidence

Land Subsidence in Jakarta 1974 - 2014
Mechanism
200 Central Parts Northern
North Southern Parts
Parts
Groundwater
100 abstraction from
deep aquifers Existing Wells

0
Aquifer
a
Bedrock Clay Layer
-100
Clay Layer Aquifer
b
Aquifer
-200 c
Central
Clay Layer

-300 Draining of pore water occurs in

clay layers which exist above
Source:
and/or Project
belowTeam
of aquifer subject
to water abstraction

Severe land
Three Aquifer
subsidence Upper aquifer: 40 m depth
Northern parts Middle Aquifer: 40 to 140 m depth
Lower aquifer: 140 to 250 m depth
South

Source: DPE

2
 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
-JAKARTA AND LAND SUBSIDENCE-

• In May 2015 and March 2016, the Government of Indonesia (GoI)

held a roundtable meeting on Land subsidence in Jakarta.
• In the meeting, several causes and countermeasures were discussed,
but it was finally concluded that land subsidence is caused by
overuse of the ground water, so the government would need to
respond to mitigate overuse of groundwater.

3 3
 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
-JAKARTA AND LAND SUBSIDENCE-

• In April 2017, GOI and JICA held High-level Forum on Jakarta Land
Subsidence and 2 (two) conclusions were recognized;

1) “CONCLUSION for the Morning Session on Toward Implementation”

“regulation of groundwater abstraction” was the only countermeasures against
land subsidence we could take.
“Relevant national organizations and the Special Capital Province of
Jakarta…should carry out the effective measures according to each responsibility
and jurisdiction.”

2) “CONCLUSION for the Afternoon Session on Monitoring”

“necessary to establish a database for the monitoring data and information,
which should be shared and utilized among related organizations”

4
 PROJECT SITE, OBJECTIVES

PROJECT SITE
The Special Capital Province of Jakarta
(662.33 km2)

PROJECT PERIOD
3 years from May 2018

OBJECTIVES
• To establish an action plan to promote countermeasures
against land subsidence by implementing some pilot
activities.

• To strengthen capacity for planning and implementing

countermeasures against land subsidence in Jakarta. 5
 LESSON….. TOKYO’S EXPERIENCE
① Restriction of groundwater abstraction has been gradually enhanced.
② Revision in 1971 effective measures to stop land subsidence.

-0 .5

-1 JAKARTA
BANGKOK
Land Subsidence (m)

Catastrophic Flood
TOKYO Damage by Typhoons .
-1 .5
1947, 1949
Industrial Water
Land subsidence stopped Law was enforced.
-2 during the war.
1943 1956 VERY
-2 .5 Land Subsidence Countermeasure 1953 FAST
Council was established.

-3 Industrial water supply started.

Building Water Law was 1964
-3 .5 enforced and Industrial 1962
Water Law was revised. Building Water Law and Industrial
1971 Water Law were revised again.
-4 Land subsidence started to end.

-4 .5
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

6
6
 KEY MEMBERS
Joint Coordination Committee (JCC)
< INDONESIAN SIDE >
STEERING COMMITTEE
• Facilitate inter-organizational
PUPR, DKI, Bappenas, ESDM, KLHK coordination
Chair: Dir. Gen. of Water Resources, PUPR • Supervise activities of Working Groups
Vice Chair: Regional Secretary DKI
8 Members Working Group 1 【DATA/INFOMATION】

Chair: PUSAIR, Vice Chair: ESDM, DPE(DKI)

Vice Chair: Head of DPE, DKI 5 Members
Working Group 2 【MITIGATION MEASURES】

Chair: ESDM,
Working Group 5 【SECRETARIAT】 Vice Chair: DPE(DKI), SDA(PUPR)
18 Members
Chair: BPSDA (PUPR)
Vice Chair: Bappeda (DKI) Working Group 3 【ADAPTATION MEASURES】
19 Members Chair: SDA(PUPR),
Viec chair: DSDA(DKI) 5 Members

Total 64 Members Working Group 4 【AWARENESS RAISING】

Chair: DCKTRP(DKI),
38 Persons Vice Chair: BPBD (DKI)
7
7
9 Members
 JICA PROJECT TEAM ….. 16 EXPERTS
LEADER
OVERALL A1
Takeshi WATANABE
MANAGEMENT PROJECT ADVISOR
A16
Masatomo WATANABE
IWRM
A2 Junji YOKOKURA

INTERORGANAZATION (WAKIL)
A13 Naoto MIZUNO

DATA MANAGEMENT AWARENESS

MITIGATION GROUP ADAPTATION GROUP
GROUP ENHANCEMENT GROUP
A7 Data and Information Communication Strategy /
A3 Mitigation Measures A13 Adaptation Measures A14 Social Investigation
Management
Katsuya HOMMA Hiroshi NAKAMURA Makoto YONEKURA Teppei TSURUBUCHI

A5 Groundwater / Disaster Risks

Hydrogeological Survey 1 A11 Analysis 1
Masanao FURUKAWA Keisuke ONO
Disaster Risks
Groundwater / Analysis 2
A6 A12
Hydrogeological Survey 2
Makoto YAJIMA
Nobuyuki IIJIMA
Law/Regulation
A8
Akihiro SHIMOMURA
Alternative Water
Resources Project Coordination
A9
Hiroshi SHIMIZU A15 Ryohei KUDO

A10 Water Supply Plan

Takashi SAKAKIBARA

Group
8
A# Group leader
 OUTPUT……. WORKING TASKS

Main Output (Task)

OUTPUT 1
Data Collection, Analysis, and Monitoring System WORKING GROUP 1
OUTPUT 2
Menu of Mitigation Measures
- Restriction of Groundwater Abstraction WORKING GROUP 2
- Alternative Water Resources
OUTPUT 3
- Investigation of Damages and Risks WORKING GROUP 3
- Study of Adaptation Measures
OUTPUT 4
Awareness-Raising WORKING GROUP 4

OUTPUT 5
- Planning and Implementation Committee ALL GROUP 1 to 5
- Action Plan 9
 MAIN ACTIVITIES AND
TIMELINE OF THE PROJECT
Output 2018 2019 2020 2021
Output 1 Establishment
Data collection, analysis, and monitoring Operation
system Observation
Output 2
Menu of mitigation measures Establishment Trial Pilot Activities
-Restriction of Groundwater Abstraction
Trial Pilot Activities
- Alternative Water Resources
Output 3
- Investigation of Damages and Risks
- Study of Adaptation Measures
Output 4
Awareness-raising Survey

Output 5 JCC ① ② ③ ④ ⑤
- Planning and Implementation Committee
- Action plan

Promotion of Strategic Plan and Action Plan

Final GOAL Stop Land Subsidence and Mitigation of Damages 10

 AGENDA OF JCC
Expected
Agenda Presenter
Date
1st May 22, 2018 Work Plan JICA, Project Team
2nd Jan. 29, 2019 - Construction of New Monitoring Wells - DPE
- Results of Well Inventory Survey - DPE
- Current Situation of Land Subsidence - ESDM
- Current Water Supply Management Master Plan and Possible Alternative - PUPR
Water Resources
- Current Effort of Groundwater Recharge Activity - DPE
- Results of Social Survey and Risk Evaluation Survey - BPBD
3rd Sep. 15, 2019 - Integrated Monitoring System of Land Subsidence and GW Abstraction - PUS AIR
- Mechanism of Land Subsidence - ESDM
- Proposal for Optimal Restriction of GW Abstraction - DPE/ESDM
- Proposal for Alternative Water Resources Development - PUPR
- Proposal for Adaptation Measures - PUPR
- Proposal for Awareness Rising Program - BPBD
- Pilot Activities - (TBD)
4th Jun. 10, 2020 - Latest Situation of Land Subsidence and GW Abstraction - DPE/ESDM
- Progress of Alternative Water Resources Development - PUPR
- Progress of Adaptation Measures - PUPR
- Progress of Awareness Rising Activities - BPBD
- Progress of Pilot Activities - (TBD)
5th Jan. 21, 2021 - Results of Pilot Activities - TBD
- Road Map and Action Plan for Countermeasures against Land - Secretariat
Subsidence
- Establishment of Implementation Committee - Secretariat
11
  Goals (Promotion)
after 3 years
1. Complete Monitoring Structure
⇒ monitoring wells and collecting appropriate data on regular basis along
with new structure by DKI
2. Controlling Adequate Volume of Groundwater Abstraction
(Lesson learnt by Pilot Area)
⇒ Raise Ability of Law Enhancement
⇒ Lessons of successful approaches
3. Developed Alternative Water Resources (including rain
water, recycling urban water)
⇒ Development of New Water Resources
⇒ Improved Public Water Supply
⇒ Recycling Urban Water
4. Raise Social Awareness

12
Output 1: Data collection, analysis, and management system is
established, and present and future condition of land subsidence and
groundwater abstraction are analyzed
[101]

To collect and compile data about land subsidence and to understand history and
present conditions
[102]

To construct monitoring wells for land subsidence and groundwater

[103]

To elucidate the hydrogeological structure and to identify

the clay layer and aquifers
[104]

To create a well inventory and to understand conditions of unregistered wells and

the amount of groundwater abstraction
[105]

To understand mechanism and future conditions of land subsidence

[106]

To establish monitoring method and management system of data

13
14
 Recommended Structure of
Land Subsidence Monitoring Well

Feature:
• Long durability
• Measure land subsidence without
electronic equipment. Possible to
measure by using ruler.
• Measure land subsidence in certain
aquifer in order to make
groundwater extraction regulation
• Possible to install piezometer to
measure groundwater pressure.

Target aquifers

Schematic Description
15
Mechanisms of Land Subsidence Measurement
by Double Tube Type Extensometer

（Initial State） （land subsidence occurred！）

measurement 1 measurement 2
Confined ①Pumping
G.W.L
Fixed level ⇒
Unconfined
BM G.W.L

Gravel or Sand layer

③ land
(Unconfined aquifer) BM
Subsidence
Clay or Silt layer
Shrinkage！
②Decrease of
inner pipe screen
Confined G.W.L

Gravel or Sand layer

(Confined aquifer) centralizer Amount of Land subsidence
outer pipe = measurement 2
– measurement 1 slide！

slide pipe

16
InSAR of displacement in Jakarta 2007-2017
 Location selection

PROJECT SITE, Location of Monitoring Wells

No.1

No.2

Selected Location:
1. Cengkareng, West Jakarta
2. Cakung / Kelapa Gading, East jakarta
Reason for Selection:
• Based on InSAR Analysis Results during 2007 – 2017,
No.1 Cengkareng: the locations suffer severe land subsidence
Kebun Bibit Cengkareng • Cengkareng is the location of residential, while
Cakung/ Kelapa Gading is commercial area (shopping
No.2 Cakung: mall) tend to suffer more land subsidence in the future
• Select closest area belong to DKI Jakarta area to
Lapangan Olahraga Rusan Griya Tipar ease land acquistion
Cakung 18
 Existing double tube monitoring well at
Tongkol (150 m) and Muara Baru (300 m) Pluit

Tongkol, BKAT office Muara Baru, Nizam

zachman port office19
 Structure and Specification

Recommendation by Technical Assistance

Committee (Double Tube Type)

Well 1 (Single) Well 2 Well 3 Types of Tubes of Monitoring Well

Slide Pipes Φ5 inches Water Discharge Holes in the

Bottom of Slide Pipe

250～280m

Structure： Outer Pipes Φ4 inches Inner Pipes Φ2 inches

Double Tube Type (Well 1 is single tube type）
Specification：
3 wells in each observation points
Well-1 20～30m：Observation in surface layers
Well-2 140～150m：Observation in middle layers
Well-3 250～280m：Observation in deep layers
20
 Work Procedure
Implementation of Test Boring
Implementation of the γ-ray Survey
Examination and Decision of the Specification
of each three land subsidence monitoring well
Construction of Well-1
Construction of Well-2
Construction of Well-3
Construction of the Protection House of Monitoring Wells
including solar battery system
Installation of the Measurement equipment of Displacement
caused by land subsidence and groundwater level change
Functioning check of installed equipment and solar battery system
Test Boring
- an all-coring boring.
- To grasp the geological condition and distribution of
the boring site.
- To measure the groundwater level in the borehole
during boring survey
γ-ray Logging
- To confirm the length/depth of test boring
- To grasp changes in the density of the ground
around the borehole continuously
- To understand the relation between
geological conditions confirmed by the cored
geological sample
Geological and Hydrogeological Analysis
- To analyze aquifer and aquifer zone based on
distribution and characteristics of sand & clay layers
as well as change of groundwater level.
Determination of Specification
- To determine the depth of each well
- To determine the depth of strainer/screen
21
 Test Boring, Core, and Logging

Sample of Core (Cengkareng) Sample of Core (Tipar Cakung)

Work in Cengkareng

Data Logger and PC（Measuring Equipment）

Outline of γ-ray Logging

The γ-ray logging measures the density of the geological layer by using the
scattering phenomenon of γ rays. Gamma rays (γ-ray) emitted from the γ-ray
Boring Machine
source strike the electrons in the geological layer and scatter. Determine the
density of the geological layer from the γ-ray dose reach the detector from the
γ-ray source.
22
Break of Shear Pins Test
Wiring for lifting up of Slide Pipes Insertion of Slide Pipe into Borehole

Insertion of Outer Pile and Confirmation of Break of Shear Pins: Confirmation that Outer Pipe
Connection between Shear Pins and Slide Pipe moves smoothly inside of Slide Pipe

23
 Geological Condition and Groundwater Level (Cengkareng)
１ ２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ １０ １１ １２ １３ １４ １５ １６
0 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2 11/3 11/5 11/6 11/7 11/8 11/9 11/10 11/11 11/12 11/13 11/14

Geological Condition：
10

Oxidat
20

- Relatively thick Sand Layers exist

ion
Unconfined brown
Aqu if e r1
Aquifer ing
30
until

in 120m – 180m 40
54mde
pth

- In other depth, relatively shin sand 50

layers exist in-between clay layers

60 Aqu itard
Aquitard/
/ I m pe rm
Impermeable
e able
70
Confined
Aquifer
80
Aquitard/

Groundwater Level： Impermea Partly

90 Aqu if e r2 Oxidat
ble
ion

- In 70m – 180m, groundwater level

brown
100 Confined inig
Aquifer until
110 138m

tends to decrease.
Aqu itard
/ I m pe rm
e able
120

- Deeper than 200m, except 230m – 130

280m, groundwater level is low. 140 Confined

Aquifer
Aqu if e r3

150

160

Aquifer Zone：
貝
殻
170
Aqu if e r4

- 1 unconfined aquifer in surface 180

area
190 Aqu itard
/ I m pe rm
e able
200

- 6 confined aquifers below of 210

surface area
Aqu if e r 5
220 Fresh

A q u i t a rd / Im p
230 e rm e a b l e

Aqu if e r 6
240

Aqu itard
250 / I m pe rm
固結砂
e able

260 Aqu i f e r 6

270
Aqu itard
/ I m pe rm
280 e able

290
Aqu i f e r ７

300

Gray: borehole depth、Red & Blue: Retaining Hole Depth 24

Geological Condition and Groundwater Level (Cakung)

Geological Condition：
- 5m: Embankment
- Up to 11m: Sediments of the former
ground surface.
- Up to 75 m: portion oxidized and
brown
- Up to 135m: Mostly clay layers
- Deeper than 135 m: Sandy layer and
the clayey layer are distributed in
similar portion

Groundwater Level：
- 90m and 150m: groundwater tend to
decrease
- There is tendency that groundwater
level is decreased as borehole
become deeper.

Aquifer Zone：
- 1 unconfined aquifer in surface area
- 3 confined aquifers below of surface
area

25
Specification of Well in Cengkareng

• Well-1 ：250m
• Well-2 ：170m
• Well-3 ： 30m
Total：450m

26
Strainer/Screen
Specification of Well in Cakung

• Well-1 ：
280m
• Well-2 ：
140m
• Well-3 ：
30m
Total：450m

Strainer/Screen

27
 Current condition Cakung

Protection house Monitoring well

1 3

28
 Well specification at Cakung

• Well-1 (Double Tube Type)

Depth of Well : 280 m
Depth of Groundwater Level Gauge (AWLR) :GL.-16.0 m

• Well-2 (Double Tube Type)

Depth of Well : 140 m
Depth of Groundwater Level Gauge (AWLR) : GL.-22.0 m

• Well-3 (Single Tube Type)

Depth of Well : 30 m
Depth of Groundwater Level Gauge (AWLR) : GL.-10.0 m

29
 Current condition Cengkareng

Protection house Monitoring well

1
3 2

30
 Well specification at Cengkareng

• Well-1 (Double Tube Type)

Depth of Well : 243 m
Depth of Groundwater Level Gauge (AWLR) :GL.-20.0 m

• Well-2 (Double Tube Type)

Depth of Well : 170 m
Depth of Groundwater Level Gauge (AWLR) : GL.-50.0 m

• Well-3 (Single Tube Type)

Depth of Well : 30 m
Depth of Groundwater Level Gauge (AWLR) : GL.-11.0 m

31
Data acquisition at Cakung (trial)

• Data acquisition every 10 minutes (maximum)

Well 1 Well 2 Well 3
Date/ Time
GWL (m) Displacement (mm) GWL (m) Displacement (mm) GWL (m) Displacement (mm)
06/11/2019 16:13:13 7,22 0,18 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 16:23:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 16:33:13 7,22 0,18 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 16:43:13 7,22 0,18 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 16:53:13 7,22 0,18 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 17:03:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 17:13:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 17:23:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 17:33:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 17:43:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 17:53:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 18:03:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 18:13:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00
06/11/2019 18:23:13 7,22 0,20 7,18 0,00 6,55 0,00

32
Outstanding task on monitoring well

• Finishing set-up the data logger and equipment

• JICA Project Team plan to make guideline for double tube monitoring
well installation. Many things different with experience case at Tokyo.
JICA Project Team find easier and efficient method to install double
tube. This will be conclude on the guideline for transfer knowledge to
Indonesia party (PUPR, ESDM, DKI Jakarta, etc.)

33
Output 2: Mitigation measures to stop land subsidence are studied and
effective countermeasures are implemented on a trial basis

To formulate plan and implementation method of restriction of

[201]

groundwater abstraction
[202]

To formulate plan and implementation method of groundwater recharge

[203]

To clarify current and future water usage and water sources

[204]

To develop effective measures to develop alternative water sources and improve water
service
[205]

To conduct rough cost estimation for countermeasures of reduction of groundwater

abstraction and increase of groundwater recharge

34
 Output 3: Damages and risks caused by land subsidence are
investigated and adaptation measures are studied
[307] [306] [305] [304] [303] [302] [301]

To clarify the risks to economic activities and residents’ lives due to land subsidence

To identify the perception of residents about risks and groundwater use

To create Inundation Risk Map resulting from land subsidence

To formulate various adaptation plan according to the progress of land subsidence

To conduct rough cost estimation of the projects for adaptation measures

To conduct rough cost estimation of social cost caused by
land subsidence
To evaluate the impact on Jakarta on cases with/without countermeasures

35
Output 4: Awareness about causes, risks, and countermeasures is raised
among stakeholders
[401]

To produce easy-to-understand-visual aids to explain the risks, social costs and costs
for countermeasures

36
ありがとう ございます

37