Upthrust

So an object behaves as if its whole weight was a single force

which acts through a point, the centre of gravity
We define the centre of gravity of an object as the point
through which its whole weight is considered to act for any
orientation of the object.
Upthrust Force and Buoyancy
Fluids exert an upthrust on any
submerged objects.
The UPTHRUST Force is equal to the
weight of fluid displaced
Viscosity
The material property that measures a fluid's resistance
to flowing. For example, water flows from a tilted jar
more quickly and easily than honey does. Honey is
more viscous than water, so although gravity creates
nearly the same stresses in honey and water, the more
viscous fluid flows more slowly.
An object will float if it is less dense than water and sink if it is more dense.

When an object is placed in water its weight pushes down on the water and
displaces some of it. The water, however, pushes up on the object with a
force that is equal to the weight of the displaced water. This force is called
the upthrust.
Static Equilibrium
We have mostly been concerned with objects in motion
until now. Sometimes, however, we are more interested
in avoiding motion or at least certain kinds of motion.
When this is the case we are studying ``statics''. It is an
important part of what civil engineers have to do but as
you shall see similar techniques are important for
analyzing the mechanical functionality of living
organisms.
There are many objects that we would like to have in static
equilibrium; your kitchen cabinets or bedroom wall, for
example. If an object is in static equilibrium, there are two
very specific things the object is not doing that are important
to understand. It is neither translating nor is it rotating.
The first condition, no translation, requires that the net
force (meaning the sum of all forces) acting on the object
must be zero.
The second condition, no rotation or turning effect or
torque or moment, requires that the net torque or moment
also be zero. We will carefully define and examine both of
these ideas.
Rotational effect = Torque = Moment of a force
Static Equilibrium - No Net Force:
Static equilibrium refers to an object that is not moving. When an object is not
moving from one place to another, we also say it is not translating. As you lay
there crumpled, motionless on the ground (your mother told you not to jump off
walls!) you are in static equilibium. And what creates this state of affairs?
Gravity (w) is still acting, but now the ground (N) is also exerting a force on
you. In fact, the force of the ground is equal to and opposite your weight. This
is an important requirement for static equilibrium.

The sum of all the forces acting on an object in static equilibrium must add to
zero.
F=0

where the Greek symbol  means sum.

There can be many forces acting on the object. Those forces
have directions. An example is you sitting on a chair, the
directions are simple; your weight points downward (towards
the center of the earth) and the force of the chair points
upward. If arrows to be drawn, the arrows represent the force
vectors. A vector has magnitude (size of the arrow) and
direction given by the direction of the arrow. In this case, the
two vectors have equal magnitude and point in opposite
directions. It is easy to see that they add to zero.
 Equilibrium
• Forces are balanced (1st law)
Fx = 0 Fy = 0

• The net force (resultant force) is 0

• There is no change in motion
–a=0
– v is constant
Adding force vectors to close the polygon
Static Equilibrium : No net Torque
Or also known as Torque
A point where the object
rotate.
Also sometimes called
Pivot point
Perpendicular distance
from the axis of rotation
to the line of force

The Force applied that

cause the rotation about the
axis
Example:

Evaluate the torques about pivot A provided by the forces shown

if L = 3.0 m

90 N 80 N 70 N
30º
40 37º

50 N
A ½L ½L B

60 N
 90 N 80 N 70 N
30º
40 37º

50 N
A ½L ½L B

60 N

•Resolving the forces 90N, 80 N and 70 N into x and y components

•The line of action of the 90 N and 50 N and x component of 80 N
and 70 n forces pass through pivot point They cause zero torque or
no rotation

The torque about A = (80 sin 37)(1.5) – 60(1.5) + 70 cos 30)(3)

= 72 – 90 + 182 = + 164 N.m
+ indicates that counterclockwise rotation
*** why opening the door cause a torque?
Imagine pushing a door to open it. The force of your push (F)
causes the door to rotate about its hinges (the pivot point, O).
How hard you need to push depends on the distance you are
from the hinges (r) (and several other things, but let's ignore
them now). The closer you are to the hinges (i.e. the smaller r
is), the harder it is to push. This is what happens when you try
to push open a door on the wrong side. The torque you created
on the door is smaller than it would have been had you pushed
the correct side (away from its hinges).
F net = 0

 = 0
When solving statics problems, we’ll always follow the steps below:

1. Draw a clear picture showing the forces and moments acting on the object(s) of
interest. It’s important to show the positions of the forces correctly;
2. Introduce an appropriate basis to be used for all vector calculations
3. Write down the forces acting on the system (introduce variables to describe unknown
forces)
4. Write down the position of the forces
5. Find the moment of the all forces about any convenient point (you must use the same
point for each force).
6. Write down any pure moments or torques acting on the system
7. Find the resultant force F
8. Find the resultant moment M
9. Set F=0 and M=0.
10. If you can, then solve the equations for unknown quantities of interest (often forces,
but the unknowns could be other things too).
11. If you have too many unknown forces and not enough equations at this point, you
need to look for more equations. These may come from (a) Force balance for other
components; (b) Force laws (eg spring law, buoyancy force law, gravity law, etc); (c)
geometry.
12. When you have enough equations, solve them.
Couples
If you have two forces (i.e. a couple of forces) acting on an
object and the forces are:
- parallel
- in opposite directions
- of equal size
- not along the same line of action
10 N
you have got a couple.

10 N
Couples produce rotation only. So the object spins
faster and faster but it remains on the spot. (In physics
speak - no linear acceleration or translation.)

To calculate the moment (or torque) due to a couple you

need to find:

Magnitude of one force (F) x perpendicular distance

between the lines of action of the forces (d).
 10 N 10 N

Not a couple
-unequal force

10 N 5N
10 N

10 N 5N

5N
Not a couple
-not parallel Two couples
10 N 10 N
 Line of Pivot Line of Pivot
Action Action
You can see from the diagram that the bus has to tilt to a ludicrous angle before it tips
over. Buses are designed to:
•have a low centre of gravity/mass;
•have a wide track.
Given a value of density, you should be able
to know what the matter 'looks’ like.
Pressure in Fluids

We have the evidence that the molecules in a matter have

motion – provided by Brownian experiment.
In gases, the molecules are

How do we calculate the pressure exerted by the gas?

x1

x2
x3
Pressure by gas molecules