MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND

SYMBOLS
PREPARED BY: ALLANDHEL NINO P.
FLORES
 MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE
• Defined as a systematic means of communicating
ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized
signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having
understood meanings

MATHEMATICS
• a system of communication about objects like
numbers, variables, sets, operations, functions
and equations.
• has vocabularies grammars, and syntax.
• Uses many symbols
• Uses numbers
ENGLISH LANGUAGE VS MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
NOUNS 25, -85, 90 etc.
VERB = , < , > , >= , <=
PRONOUNS VARIABLES
SENTENCES 7x+4=44
 PROPOSITIONS
• Is a declarative sentence that is either true or
false but not both.
EXAMPLES: tell whether, if the statements are
propostion or not proposition. If proposition is true
or false?
1. Bulacan is province in visayas.
2. Boracay is in Aklan province.
3. 4+3=7
4. 8+1=10
5. Is it a trigonometric function?
6. Go there.
7. x+y=2
8. x/4 = 7
9. Today is Tuesday.
10. Manila is the capital of the Philippines
 COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
• Proposition built up by combining
propositions using propositional connectives
PROPOSITIONAL CONNECTIVES
1. CONJUNCTION – “^”
2. DISJUNCTION – “v”
3. Exclusive or – “”
4. IMPLICATION – “→ “
5. BI-CONDITIONAL – “↔ "
 BIT OPERATIONS
BIT
- short for binary digits
- Usually used in computers
- Has two possible values (1 or 0)
- Also corresponds to the propositional connectives.
BIT STRING
- A sequence of zero or more bits.
- Its length is the number of bits in the string.
Length = 2^n
 CHANGING HINDU ARABIC NUMBER
TO BINARY NUMBER
• we use repetitive division of two to get the
equivalent binary number of the hindu arabic
number
Convert 432 to binary
REPETITIVE DIVISION QUOTIENT BIT
432/2 216 0
216/2 108 0
108/2 54 0
54/2 27 0
27/2 13.5 1
13/2 6.5 1
6/2 3 0
3/2 1.5 1
1/2 0.5 1

FINAL ANSWER = 110110000

 CHANGING BINARY NUMBER TO
HINDU ARABIC NUMBER
• Multiply each bit to 2^n with regards to the
position of the bit then get the summation of
the product
EXAMPLE: CONVERT 10111010111 to hindu
arabic number
BINARY MULTIPLICATION PRODUCT
1 1x29 1024
0 0x28 0
1 1x27 256
1 1x27 128
1 1x26 64
0 0x25 0
1 1x24 16
0 0x23 0
1 1x22 4
1 1x21 2
1 1x20 1
TOTAL= 1495
 Expressions Vs Sentences
Expression or Mathematical Expression – a
finite combination of symbols that is well-
formed according to rules that depend on the
context
Mathematical Sentence – a term which is also
known as an expression
- a formula that is right or wrong, true or false.
- has an equal sign, it is referred as an equation
 Examples
• 4+3=7

• 2+6=4

• 2x+8=12, for all values of x

 Mathematical Sentence as an open
sentence
• Contains one or more variables

EXAMPLES
1. 2x=3+y
2. 3a=2b+a
3. 4v-w=z
 SETS
• A collection or aggregate of objects or
numbers considered as an entity unto itself
• Usually symbolized by uppercase letters
Elements
• Also called as member
• Each of object or number in a set
 Examples:
1. The set of vowels in English alphabet.
A={a,e,i,o,u}
a,e,i,o, and u are elements of A
b is not an element of A
2. The set of primary colors
X={blue, red, yellow}
blue, red and yellow are elements of X
white is not an element of X
3. The set of natural numbers
N={n|n is a natural number)
or
N={0,1,2,3,4…..}
4. The set of positive integers between 1 and
40
B={x|1<x<40}
2,3,4,5,….,39 are elements of B
 Finite or Infinite sets
Finite sets
• we can enumerate the element of each set in some
order by counting its element one by one until the last
element.
Infinite sets
• The process of counting of elements will never end.

Number of elements
• It is the number of elements on a given set denoted by
n(A).
 Examples
1. A={bananas,guava,guyabano,papaya}
n(A)=4
2. Z={x|x is a set of integers}
n(Z)= infinity
 Specifying Sets
• A set is specified in to two different ways. The
roster method and the descriptive method.
Roster Method
• Consists of enclosing in braces { } a list of the
elements in the set
Example:
1. A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
2. B={printer, monitor, CPU, keyboard, avr,
webcam}
Descriptive or Set builder Method
• Consists of stating in braces the rule or
condition on the basis of which it can be
determined whether or not a given object is
an element of the set.
Examples:
1. Q={x|x is a rational number}
2. R={x|x is a student of BSIT in BSU}
3. S={x|x∈ 𝑅, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4}
In example 1, it is read “Q is a set of those
elements x such that x is a rational number. The
vertical bar means “such that”. The symbol x
denotes any one element of the set.
 Null set
• It is an empty set
• There are no elements in a given set.
Universal set
• A set of all elements related to a condition
under consideration
• Denoted by “U”