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The document discusses the composition and properties of dental composite materials. It describes how composite is made up of a resin matrix and filler materials, with coupling agents used to improve adhesion between resin and fillers. It discusses the types of monomers, fillers, and coupling agents used, as well as how composites are classified based on initiation method, filler size and viscosity. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of composites and steps for anterior composite restoration.
The document discusses the composition and properties of dental composite materials. It describes how composite is made up of a resin matrix and filler materials, with coupling agents used to improve adhesion between resin and fillers. It discusses the types of monomers, fillers, and coupling agents used, as well as how composites are classified based on initiation method, filler size and viscosity. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of composites and steps for anterior composite restoration.
The document discusses the composition and properties of dental composite materials. It describes how composite is made up of a resin matrix and filler materials, with coupling agents used to improve adhesion between resin and fillers. It discusses the types of monomers, fillers, and coupling agents used, as well as how composites are classified based on initiation method, filler size and viscosity. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of composites and steps for anterior composite restoration.
Alireza Farhadi 1701940 • Lecturer : Dr. Marika Janelidze COMPOSITE CHEMISTRY • Dental composite is composed of a resin matrix and filler materials. • Coupling agents are used to improve adherence of resin to filler surfaces. • Activation systems including heat, chemical and photochemical initiate polymerization. • Plasticizers are solvents that contain catalysts for mixture into resin. • Monomer, a single molecule, is joined together to form a polymer, a long chain of monomers. • Physical characteristics improve by combining more than one type of monomer and are referred to as a copolymer. • Cross linking monomers join long chain polymers together along the chain and improve strength. RESIN MATERIALS Resin matrix the resin matrix is the chemically active component of the composite. It is initially fluid monomer but is converted into a rigid polymer by a radical addition reaction. The most commonly used monomer for both anterior and posterior resins are:
• Bis-GMA which is derived from the reaction of bisphenol-A
and glycidyl methacrylate • UDMA urethane dimethacrylate resin RESIN MATERIALS •Resin matrix •Bis-GMA and UDMA monomers are highly viscous fluids, because of their high molecular weight. Adding even a small amount will cause excessive stiffness. To overcome this problem, low-viscosity monomers or viscosity controllers are added: • MMA methyl methacrylate • EDMA ethylene glycol dimethacrilate • TEGDMA triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (mostly used) o Also following components are added: • Inhibitor such as hydroquinone to prevent premature polymerization • Activation/initiation systems (chemical or light curing) COUPLING AGENTS • Coupling agents are used to improve adherence of resin to filler surfaces. • Coupling agents chemically coat filler surfaces and increase strength. • Silanes have been used to coat fillers for over fifty years in industrial plastics and later in dental fillers. Today, they are still state of the art. • Silanes have disadvantages. They age quickly in a bottle and become ineffective. Silanes are sensitive to water so the silane filler bond breaks down with moisture. • Water absorbed into composites results in hydrolysis of the silane bond and eventual filler loss. • Common silane agents are: vinyl triethoxysilane methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane COMPOSITE FILLERS • Fillers are placed in dental composites to reduce shrinkage upon curing. • Physical properties of composite are improved by fillers, however, composite characteristics change based on filler material, surface, size, load, shape, surface modifiers, optical index, filler load and size distribution. • Materials such as strontium glass, barium glass, quartz, borosilicate glass, ceramic, silica, prepolymerized resin, or the like are used. FILLERS CLASSIFICATION • Fillers are classified by material, shape and size. • Fillers are irregular or spherical in shape depending on the mode of manufacture. • Spherical particles are easier to incorporate into a resin mix and to fill more space leaving less resin. • One size spherical particle occupies a certain space. • Adding smaller particles fills the space between the larger particles to take up more space. • There is less resin remaining and therefore, less shrinkage on curing the more size particles used in proper distribution. FILLERS CLASSIFICATION
• Classification According to Size:-
MACROFILLERS ---- 10 TO 100 um MIDIFILLERS ----- 1 TO 10 um MINIFILLERS ----- 0.1 TO 1 um MICROFILLERS ----- 0.01 TO 0.1 um NANOFILLERS ----- 0.005 TO 0.01 um COMPOSITE CLASSIFICATION • Composite is classified by initiation techniques, filler size, and viscosity. • Laboratory heat process fillings are processed under nitrogen and pressure to produce a more thorough cure. • Core build up materials are commonly self cure. • Dual cure composite is commonly used as a cementing medium under crowns. • Viscosity determines flow characteristics during placement. A flowable composite flows like liquid or a loose gel. A packable composite is firm and hard to displace. Composite is classified by initiation techniques, filler size, and viscosity
• Heat cured composites are polymerized by application of heat.
• Self cured composite means chemical initiation converting monomer to polymer takes place. • Light cured composite means photochemical initiation causes polymerization • Dual cure means chemical initiation is used and combined with photochemical initiation so either and both techniques polymerize composite. INDICATIONS
• 1) May result in gap formation when restoration extends to the
root surface. • 2) Technique sensitive. • 3) Expensive • 4) May exhibit more occlusal wear in areas of higher stresses. • 5) Higher linear coefficient of thermal expansion. STEPS IN COMPOSITE RESTORATION • 1) Local anesthesia. • 2) Preparation of the operating site. • 3) Shade selection • 4) Isolation of the operating site. • 5) Tooth preparation. • 6) preliminary steps of enamel and dentin bonding. • 7) Matrix placement. • 8) Inserting the composite. • 9) Contouring the composite. • 10) polishing the composite. PRINCIPLES OF ANTERIOR COMPOSITE RESTORATION • 1. Smile Design • 2. Color and Color Analysis • 3. Tooth Color • 4. Tooth Shape • 5. Tooth Position • 6. Esthetic Goals • 7. Composite Selection • 8. Tooth Preparation • 9. Bonding Techniques • 10. Composite Placement • 11. Composite Sculpture and • 12. Composite Polishing to properly restore anterior teeth with composite: 1. SMILE DESIGN
• A dentist must understand proper smile design so composite restoration can
achieve a beautiful smile. This is true for extensive veneering and small restorations. • Factors which are considered in smile design include:- A. Smile Form which includes size in relation to the face, size of one tooth to another, gingival contours to the upper lip line, incisal edges overall to the lower lip line, arch position, teeth shape and size, perspective, and midline. B. Teeth Form which includes understanding long axis, incisal edge, surface contours, line angles, contact areas, embrasure form, height of contour, surface texture, characterization, and tissue contours within an overall smile design. C. Tooth Color of gingival, middle, incisal, and interproximal areas and the intricacies of characterization within an overall smile design. 2. COLOUR AND COLOUR ANALYSIS • Colour is a study in and of itself. In dentistry, the effect of enamel rods, surface contours, surface textures, dentinal light absorption, etc. on light transmission and reflection is difficult to understand and even more difficult replicate. • The intricacies of understanding matching and replicating hue, chroma, value, translucency, florescence; light transmission, reflection and refraction to that of a natural tooth under various light sources is essential but far beyond the scope of this article. 3. TOOTH COLOUR • Analysis of color variation within teeth is improved by an understanding of how teeth produce color variation. • Enamel is prismatic and translucent which results in a blue gray color on the incisal edge, interproximal areas and areas of increased thickness at the junction of lobe formations. • The gingival third of a tooth appears darker as enamel thins and dentin shows through. • Color deviation, such as craze lines or hypocalcifications, within dentin or enamel can cause further color variation. • Aging has a profound effect on color caused by internal or external staining, enamel wear and cracking, caries, acute trauma and dentistry. 4. TOOTH SHAPE
• Studying anatomy of teeth requires recognition of general form, detail anatomy and internal anatomy. • It is important to know ideal anatomy and anatomy as a result of aging, disease, trauma and wear. • Knowledge of anatomy allows a dentist to reproduce natural teeth. For example, a craze line is not a straight line as often is produced by a dentist, but is a more irregular form guided by enamel rods. 5. TOOTH POSITION • Knowledge of normal position and axial tilt of teeth within a head, lips, and arches allows reproduction of natural beautiful smiles. • Understanding the goals of an ideal smile and compromises from limitations of treatment allows realistic expectations of a dentist and patient. • Often, learning about tooth position is easily done through denture esthetics. • Ideal and normal variations of tooth position is emphasized in removable prosthetics so a denture look does not occur. 6. ESTHETIC GOALS
• The results of esthetic dentistry are limited by limitations of
ideals and limitations of treatment. • Ideals of the golden proportion have been replaced by preconceived perceptions. • Limitations of ideals are based on physical, environmental and psychological factors. • Limitations of treatment are base on physical, financial and psychological factors. 7. COMPOSITE SELECTION • Esthetic dentistry is an art form. There are different levels of appreciation so individual dentists evaluate results of esthetic dentistry differently. Artistically dentists select composites based on their level of appreciation, artistic ability and knowledge of specific materials. Factors which influence composite selection include • A- Restoration Strength, • B- Wear • C- Restoration Color • D- Placement characteristics. • E- Ability to use and combine opaquer and tints. • F- Ease of shaping. • G- Polishing characteristics. • H- Polish and color stability 8. TOOTH PREPARATION
• Tooth preparation often defines restoration strength.
• Small tooth defects which receive minimal force require minimal tooth preparation because only bond strength is required to provide retention and resistance. • In larger tooth defects where maximum forces are applied, mechanical retention and resistance with increased bond area can be required to provide adequate strength. 9. BONDING TECHNIQUES
• Understanding techniques to bond composite to dentin and
enamel provide strength, elimination of sensitivity and prevention of micro-leakage. • Enamel bonding is a well understood science. Dentinal bonding, however, is constantly changing as more research is being done and requires constant periodic review. • Micro-etching combined with composite bonding techniques to old composite, porcelain, and metal must be understood to do anterior composite repairs. 10. COMPOSITE PLACEMENT TECHNIQUE • Understanding techniques which allow ease of placement, minimize effects of shrinkage, eliminate air entrapment and prevent material from pulling back from tooth structure during instrumentation determine ultimate success or failure of a restoration. • It is important to incorporate proper instrumentation to allow ease of shaping tooth anatomy and provide color variation prior to curing composite. • In addition, a dentist must understand placement of various composite layers with varying opacities and color to replicate normal tooth structure. 11. COMPOSITE SCULPTURE
• Composite sculpture of cured composite is properly done if
appropriate use of polishing strips, burs, cups, wheels and points is understood. • In addition, proper use of instrumentation maximizes esthetics and allows minimal heat or vibrational trauma to composite resulting in a long lasting restoration. 12. COMPOSITE POLISHING
• Polishing composite to allow a smooth or textured surface shiny
produces realistic, natural restorations. • Proper use of polishing strips, burs, cups, wheels and points with water or polish pastes as required minimizes heat generation and vibration trauma to composite material for a long lasting restoration. Thank you