Structure of the atom

• Nobel prize Chemistry

1908
• Atomic model 1911
• First person to
transmute Nitrogen to
oxygen 1919
• $100 note
 ATOMS
Atoms are the building blocks of all matter.
An atom is made up of smaller bits called…

Name Charge Position Mass

Protons +ve Nucleus 1
Electrons -ve Outside 0
Neutrons neutral Nucleus 1
 ELEMENTS
An element is a substance made up of only 1 type of
atom.
There are about 112 different atom types therefore there
are 112 elements. These are shown on the periodic table
of the elements.
On the periodic table each atom type has its information.
For example…
Atomic no.
Symbol
Name
Mass no.
 PERIODIC TABLE
Atomic no.
Any atom can be identified by
the atomic no., the symbol or Symbol
by the name. For instance... Name

Name Symbol Atomic No.

Hydrogen H 1
Iron Fe 26
Magnesium Mg 12

The information from the table can

11
also be shown as:
5
B
 WHAT IT MEANS
The Atomic Number:
11
= number of protons
= number of electrons (as 5
B
an atom has the same of
each)

The Mass Number:

= number of protons + neutrons - why are electrons
not included in the mass no?
They have no mass!
So for Boron… What about Phosphorus?
Protons = 5 Protons = 15
Electrons = 5 Electrons = 15
Neutrons = 5.811 Neutrons = 16
 Learning Check
Select the correct symbol for each:
A. Calcium
1) C 2) Ca 3) CA

B. Sulfur
1) S 2) Sl 3) Su

C. Iron
1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe
 Learning Check

Select the correct name for each:

A. N
1)neon 2)nitrogen 3)nickel

B. P
1)potassium 2)phlogiston 3)phosphorus

C. Ag
1) silver 2)agean 3)gold
 States of Matter
• Matter can exist in 3
states
– SOLID
– LIQUID
– GAS
• The states can
change depending on
whether we add or
remove energy (heat)
• Walk on custard
 ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
Electrons are very fast moving. They are arranged in
shells around the nucleus using the rule 2,8,8,2.
The first shell fits up to… 2 e

The second fits up to… 8e

The third fits up to… 8 e

So the electron shell arrangement for 12Mg would be…

2, 8, 2

Interactive periodic table

 GROUPS
The columns in the periodic table are called groups.
Groups of elements share similar reactivity.
This is because they have the same number of valence
electrons.
As you go down a group the reactivity increases.
Group 1 are the alkali metals
properties: good conductors
solid at room temperatures
can be cut with a knife
low densities and melting points
Group 17 are the Halogens
 Periods
• The rows in the
periodic table are
called periods.
• Atom’s size
decreases from left
to right in a given
period
 Learning Check
A. Element in Group XVII, Period 4
1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn

B. Element in Group II, Period 3

1) beryllium 2) magnesium 3) boron
 IONS
An ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons
meaning it is negatively or positively charged.

Atoms do this to get a full outer (valence) electron

shell and so becomes more stable.
The atom will get a full outer shell the simplest way it
can, e.g. for 12Mg:
- Electron arrangement of 2, 8, 2
- it will LOSE 2 electrons (become 2, 8)
- Now it has 10 electrons, but still has 12 protons. It has
a 2+ charge. The ion is called Mg2+.
If an atom loses electrons to Superscript is used
become stable it will form a for ion charges
positive ion
 IONIC COMPOUNDS

The ions that have been formed are now attracted to

oppositely charged ions.
So Mg2+ will be attracted to Cl-. This forms an ionic
compound.
Some ionic compounds are soluble others are
insoluble.
Compounds which are insoluble form solids called
precipitates.

Lets do an experiment
 Difficult Ions
Ions Name
NO3- Nitrate

CO32- Carbonate

HCO3- Bicarbonate or hydrogen

carbonate
OH- Hydroxide

SO42- Sulfate

S2- Sulfide

NH4+ Ammonium

PO43- Phosphate
 Difficult Ions
Ions Name
NO3- Nitrate

CO32- Carbonate

HCO3- Bicarbonate or hydrogen

carbonate
OH- Hydroxide

SO42- Sulfate

S2- Sulfide

NH4+ Ammonium

PO43- Phosphate
 IONIC FORMULAE
So Mg2+ will be attracted to Cl-.
Because Mg is 2+ and Cl is only 1-, Mg will attract 2 Cl’s.
The compound formed will be MgCl2. The subscript
shows that they
are 2 Cl’s for each
Mg.
If the starting ions were Cu2+ and S2-, the 2 ions have the
same charge. So each Cu will only attract 1 S.
The compound formed will be CuS. There is never
any charges on
the final product -
they balance out
 Conductivity
Conductivity is the movement of charged particles.
In electricity the particle that moves is usually an electron.
What is the charge on an electron?
When ionic compounds are dissolved in water they break
apart again so the charged particle is the ion.
What are the charged particles involved when NaCl is
dissolved in water?
Will NaCl(s) conduct electricity?
What about if it is dissolved NaCl(aq)?
Does water
conduct
electricity?
 Solubility
• If a solid compound
dissolves in a solvent
we say it is soluble.
• Not all solids will
dissolve in water but
some may dissolve in
another type of liquid.
• Water is the universal
solvent.
 Polymers
• Some compounds may form
long chains of repeating units
(monomers), these form
polymers.
• Longer chains get tangled
more and this affects their
properties.
• Kevlar and nylon are examples
of polymers.
 Physical Properties

The characteristics of a substance that can

be observed without changing the
substance.
 Colour
 Size
 Shape
 Density
 Freezing and Boiling Points
 Odour
 Metals and Nonmetals

Metals
 Located to the left of the periodic table
 Shiny, ductile
 Good conductors of heat and electricity
Non-metals
 Located to the right of the periodic table
 Dull and brittle
 Poor conductors, good insulators
 Rates of Reaction
• Factors increasing the rate of
reaction
–Surface area
–Concentration
–Temperature
–Catalyst/Enzyme
–Pressure
 Metal reactions
• Metal + Acid → Metal salt + Hydrogen
• Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2
• Design an experiment to compare how the
rate of a reaction changes with increasing
concentration of acid.
• You can change the concentration
of acid by diluting it with water.
• When I have seen your method
and results table you can perform
and write up the experiment.
 Metal reactions
• Metals corrode in the presence of water
and oxygen.
• Only Iron rusts!
• Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
• Al + O2 → Al2O3
• Why is Al used for window frames?
• Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen
• Al + H2O → Al(OH)3 + H2
H.M.S. Sheffield
 Protecting metals
• Paint
• Oil
• Sacrificial
(galvanising)
• Zn on Fe
• Alloys