STRUCTURAL

HEALTH
MONITORING
(SHM)
THANVEER AHAMED K GUIDED BY: Ms.NINCY JOSE
REG. NO: 13003793
S7 CE- B
ROLL NO: 61
OVERVIEW OF TOPICS
INTRODUCTION TO SHM
NEED FOR SHM
SHM TECHNIQUES (GLOBAL AND LOCAL METHODS)
BENEFITS OF GOING WIRELESS
LOCAL DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION USING EMI METHOD
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION TO SHM
 Civil structures (such as bridges, buildings, dams or wind
turbines) are complex systems that are vital to the well-being of
our society
Life of a structure depends on initial strength and the post
construction maintenance
Continuous loading, harsh environmental conditions,
inadequate maintenance-deteriorate the structure
Continuous monitoring is required
 Health monitoring has gained considerable attention in civil
engineering community over last two decades
NEED FOR SHM
 Appropriate maintenance and prevention of catastrophic
failure
 Higher operational loads, complexity of design and longer life
time periods of structures
 Failure of civil infrastructures and the economy of country
 Safety and serviceability of buildings
 Better understanding of behavior of structure
 Incipient damage detection
 Fatigue assessment
SHM TECHNIQUES
 Structural health monitoring (SHM) : determination of
presence, location and severity of damages and remaining life of
structure
 Related to aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering
structures
 Basic objective of SHM : damage identification
 Four levels of damage identification: detection, locating,
quantification of severity , prediction of remaining life
Two Major Techniques:
1. Global techniques
2. Local techniques
GLOBAL TECHNIQUES
 Monitoring of whole structure
 Provides real time information
 Operates at low frequency
 Rough detection of damage
 Not so exact as local methods
VARIOUS GLOBAL METHODS
1. EMBEDDED FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS
2. LASER SCANNING SYSTEMS
3. VIBRATION BASED METHOD
 EMBEDDED FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS
Efficient for initial point damage recognition
Any internal micro-displacements- detected by destroyed
wavelet or sensor location
 operation - change of the optical phase difference between
two light waves with the same frequency, caused by the
variation of a physical quantity
Advantage- high resolution

Disadvantages-
• applied only to new structures
• already existing buildings –inapplicable
• not very economical in power consumption
Laser scanning systems
Used for 3Dobject visualization and recognition-surface
highlighting
Properties-
•Fixed frequency of light emission, and correspondingly response;
• High ability of scanning element to be focused,
•Spatially compressed;
•Well-known methods of the noise protection of optical channel

Difference between various systems -laser emission power,

camera resolution, and the price
Need a ‘‘reference background base’’
Not acceptable for SHM of high-rise building structures because
of this reason
Vibration based method
Vibration characteristics of a structure affected by the physical
characteristics of the structure
As structure is damaged- the stiffness of the structure is
changed , vibration characteristics change as well
Detects both the location and severity of damage
Popularly used method
LOCAL METHODS
 Precise damage analysis of small structural elements
 Uses higher frequency ranges
 Lacks the ability to give timely and efficient information
VARIOUS LOCAL METHODS
1. MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION
2. VISUAL INSPECTION
3. ULTRASONIC TESTING
 MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION
Locating surface and subsurface discontinuities in
ferromagnetic materials
Principle- magnetic discontinuities that lie in a direction
generally transverse to the direction of the magnetic field will
cause a leakage field
Ferromagnetic particles applied over the surface, particles
gathers and held by the leakage field
 This magnetically held collection of particles forms an outline
of the discontinuity and generally indicates its location, size,
shape, and extent
Visual inspection

 Widely used method for detecting and examining surface

cracks
 Used for analyzing small structural elements
 In high-rise building structures this becomes difficult, as the
user is faced with a large and not easily accessible structure
 Continuous monitoring of the structure is hardly possible
 Can be combined with global methods for precise
measurement
EXAMPLES OF VISUAL INSPECTION
Ultrasonic testing
Involves a beam of high frequency mechanical vibration or
ultrasonic energy transmitted through the test material
Intercepted and reflected by discontinuities back to the
receiver
Travel time of the beam is being measured
Knowing the velocity of wave propagation and time, the
distance to the discontinuity is estimated
THE BENEFITS OF GOING
WIRELESS
 Low cost compared to wired cable networks
 Easily deployable
 Improved quality of damage assessment
 In network processing
DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION USING
LOCAL METHOD (USING SMART
MATRIALS)
ELECTRO MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE (EMI) TECHNIQUE
 Occurs in certain crystalline minerals-when subjected to a
mechanical force becomes electrically polarized, generating
tension & compression of opposite polarity according to applied
force- direct effect
The crystal was exposed to an electric field, under which it
lengthened or shortened according to the polarity of the electric
field and in proportion to the strength of the field-
PIEZOELECTRICITY
Piezoelectric materials are smart materials because they
generates surface charge in response to applied mechanical
stress
Conversely, they undergo a material deformation in response
to an applied electric field.
 This unique capability enables the material to be used as a
sensor and an actuator.
Materials are generally physically strong and chemically inert,
and relatively inexpensive .
“PZT” material (lead zirconatetitanate), is currently the most
widely used piezoelectric ceramics.
GEOMETRIC DETAILS OF PZT
PATCHES
Types of PZT patches commercially available - circular,
rectangular and square
EMI METHOD
PZT patch is surface bonded or embedded inside the structure
The patch is assumed to be infinitesimally small and
possessing negligible mass and stiffness as compared to the
host structure
Working
 a PZT patch is bonded to the surface of structure using high
strength epoxy adhesive or embedded in structure
The signature of the PZT patch is acquired over a high
frequency range (30-400 kHz), by means of LCR meter or
impedance analyzer
. In future time, when it desired to assess the health of
structure, the signature is acquired again and compared from
benchmark signature
Any deviations in signature from bench mark signature
indicate the crack/ damage in structure
The EMI technique acts best a frequency range from 30 kHz to
400 kHz for PZT patches 5 to 15mm in size
Denser or non-homogeneous the medium like concrete,
lesser the sensing region
the PZT patches have limited sensing zone based on
properties of material and operating frequency
from 0.4m on composite reinforced structures to about 2m on
simple metal beams.
Advantages of EMI Technique
higher sensitiveness to incipient damage
This technique is applicable to every type of structure and
each component of structure
sensitivity is high
same PZT patches act as actuator and sensor, saves the
number of transducers and the associated wiring
very cost effective due to low cost of PZT patches
Since only PZT patch signatures are required to evaluate the
health of structure ,online monitoring of structures is possible
using this technique
Quick observation about the health of structure is possible
 Limitations of EMI Technique
a pre plan is required
PZT patches are very brittle, only sound technical personnel
can install
PZT patches cannot be reused
PZT sensor has limited sensing zone(0.4m-2m)
Due to this, large number of PZT patches will be required to
complete monitoring of civil structure
CASE STUDY ( Based on EMI technique)
RC beam of dimension (2×0.2×0.15 m) , simply supported

PZT patch at 0.9 m distance from left support- tested under

hydraulic loading machine
bearing length was 10 cm beyond each support
PZT patch was just at in the middle of the beam and at the
maximum stress level
loaded at single point load
time history was recorded for two seconds (after unloading)
response measured using Agilent 34411A digital multimeter at
200 μs sampling interval
load was increased to 50 kN & removed–induce incipient
damage
load was increased to 70 kN and removed-increase severity
Loading and unloading process continued till failure of the
beam
 the section below the load has highest stress level
Stress levels of other section reduced linearly to zero towards
supports
BMD
 Frequency plots were determined at each load condition and
first three frequencies were identified

 concluded that it is difficult to detect the incipient level

damage by frequency change.
 But moderate to severe damages can be easily detected
GLOBAL-LOCAL INTEGRATED DAMAGE
DETECTION
CONCLUSION
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an active area of
research devoted to systems that can autonomously and
proactively assess the structural integrity
Effective SHM ensures the detection and localization of cracks
even in the early stages and thus ensuring safety to the public
Two major types - local methods and global methods
EMI based local damage detection are effective and efficient
high sensitivity and also very cost effective
limited sensing zone- more number of PZT patches needed
 REFERENCE
1. C. Zang1; M. I. Friswell2; and M. Imregun3 "Structural Health Monitoring
and Damage Assessment Using Frequency Response Correlation Criteria"
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 133, No. 9, September 1, 2007.
©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9399/2007/9-981–993/$25.00.
2. Gyuhae Park,1 Harley H. Cudney,2 and Daniel J. Inman3 "Impedance-Based
Health Monitoring of Civil Structural ComponentsJournal of Infrastructure
Systems,Vol. 6, No.4, December, 2000. ASCE, ISSN 1076-0342/00/0004-0153–
0160/$8.001 $.50 per page. Paper No. 20708.
3. Jianfeng Xu1; Yaowen Yang2; and Chee Kiong Soh3"Electromechanical
Impedance-Based Structural HealthMonitoring with Evolutionary
Programming" 10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(2004)17:4(182)
4. J. Paek et al., “A Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring:
Performance and Experience,” Proc. 2nd IEEE Workshop on Embedded
Networked Sensors, IEEE
5. Krishna Chintalapudi, Tat Fu, JeongyeupPaek, Nupur Kothari,
SumitRangwala, John Caffrey, Ramesh Govindan, Erik Johnson, and
Sami Masri "Monitoring Civil Structures with aWireless Sensor
Network" University of Southern CaliforniaPublished by the IEEE
Computer Society 1089-7801/06/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE
6. N. Xu et al., “A Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Monitoring,”
Proc. ACM Symp. Networked Embedded Sensing (Sensys), ACM Press,
2004, pp. 13–24.
7.Rama Shanker(2009) "An Integrated Approach for Structural Health
Monitoring" Phd.Thesis at IIT Delhi
8. Tracy Kijewski-Correa et al. "SmartSync: An Integrated Real-Time
Structural HealthMonitoring and Structural Identification Systemfor
Tall Buildings" Journal of Structural Engineering,Vol. 139, No. 10,
October 1, 2013. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/2013/10-1675–
1687/$25.00.
9. Tzu-Hsuan Lin, Yung-Chi Lu, and Shih-Lin Hung (2014) "Locating
Damage Using Integrated Global-Local approach with wireless sensing
system and single chip impedance measurement device" The Scientific
World Journal Volume 2014,Article ID:729027