TOWER TECHNICIAN

Presented By:
Mr. NIMAY CHANDRA GIRI
girinimay1@gmail.com
 CONTENTE
 Objective

 Introduction

 GSM System & Architecture

 Network identities

 MS & BTS

 Architecture of BTS with configuration

 Antenna types & configurations

 Different pole types antennas

 Tilt
 OBJECTIVE
 To understand details about BTS system in GSM
system. Different types of Antennas used in the
market. Functional structure of BTS & different
parts of it.
 MIMO & LTE Antennas used.
 INTRODUCTION
 A cell site or cell tower is a cellular telephone
site where antennae and electronic
communications equipment are placed, usually on
a radio mast, tower or other high place, to create a
cell (or adjacent cells) in a cellular network.
 Frequency reuse – same frequency in

many cell sites

expansion – easy to add new cells
 Cellular

 Handover – moving between cells

 Roaming- between networks

 BRIEF HISTORY
 First telephone (photo phone) – Alexander Bell, 1880
 The first car mounted radio telephone – 1921
 1946 – First commercial mobile radio-telephone service by Bell
and AT&T in Saint Louis, USA. Half duplex(PTT)
 1973 – First handheld cellular phone – Motorola.
 1982 „Groupe Spécial Mobile” is created within CEPT
(Conférence Européenne des Postes et Télécommunications)
 1987 Main Radio transmission techniques are chosen,
based on prototype evaluation (1986)
 1989 GSM becomes an ETSI technical committee
 1990 The Phase I GSM900 specification are frozen
DCS1800 adaptation starts
 1991 First systems are running
DCS 1800 specifications are frozen
1992

comm rcialAll major European GSM 900 operators begin
operations (2G)
e
 2000 3G system comes in to market.
 2010 4G system comes in to market.
 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
 GSM is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular
networks used by mobile phones. As of 2014 it has become the default global
standard for mobile communications - with over 90% market share, operating in
over 219 countries and territories.
 2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular
networks, and the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit- switched
network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to
include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet
data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE
(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS).
 Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation (3G) UMTS standards
followed by fourth-generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards, which do not
form part of the ETSI GSM standard.
GSM Functions
 Transmission.
 Radio Resources management (RR).
 Mobility Management (MM).
 Communication Management (CM).
 Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM).
COMPARED TO FIXED NETWORK
 GSM ARCHITECTURE

Transcoder is a device that takes 13 KBPS

speech data and multiplexes four of them into
standard 64 Kbps data.
 NETWORK IDENTITIES

 IMEI(International Mobile Equipment Identity)

 MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN Number)

 IMSI(International mobile subscriber Identity)

 TMSI (Temporary Mobile subscriber Identity)
 MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number)
 MOBILE STATION (MS)
A Mobile Station consists of two main elements:
The mobile equipment or terminal.
There are different types of terminals distinguished principally by their power and application:
The `fixed' terminals are the ones installed in cars. Their maximum allowed output power is 20
W.
The GSM portable terminals can also be installed in vehicles. Their maximum allowed output
power is 8W.
The handhels terminals have experienced the biggest success thanks to the weight and volume,
which are continuously decreasing. These terminals can emit up to 2 W. The evolution of
technologies allows to decrease the maximum allowed power to 0.8 W.
The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
The SIM is a smart card that identifies the terminal. By inserting the SIM card into the terminal,
the user can have access to all the subscribed services. Without the SIM card, the terminal
is not operational.
 SIM has microprocessor and memory, IMSI,

 Authentication Key, Ki
 Security Algorithms:kc,A3,A8
 PIN & PUK
Function of MS:
 Voice and data transmission & receipt
 Frequency and time synchronization
 Monitoring of power and signal quality of the surrounding cells
 Provision of location updates even during inactive state
THE BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)
 The BSS connects the Mobile Station and the NSS. It is in
charge of the transmission and reception. The BSS can be
divided into two parts:
 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station.
The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used
in each cell of the network. A BTS is usually placed in the
center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a
cell. Each BTS has between one and sixteen transceivers
depending on the density of users in the cell.
 The Base Station Controller (BSC).
The BSC controls a group of BTS and manages their radio
resources (up to 100 BTSs). A BSC is principally in charge
of handovers, frequency hopping, exchange functions and
control of the radio frequency power levels of the BTSs .
 BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS) OR
BASE STATION (BS)
 Provides the radio links with the mobile station & BSC…
 RF resources such as frequency assignments, sector separation, transmit
power control
 BTS connects to BSC through un-channelized T1 facilities or direct cables in
co-located equipment (Abis)
 The protocols are proprietary and are based on High-level data link control (HDLC)
 Typically terminates the IS-2000 LAC/MAC protocols for common channels,
although in some implementations such protocols are terminated at the BSC
 In case of dedicated channels, the BTS exchanges physical layer frames with
the BSC over Abis interface
 Typically equated to the physical site of the wireless network where antennas
are located
 3-cell BTS configuration is most common (max. up to 6 cell BTS)
OPERATION RANGE OF CELL TOWER
 Height of antenna over surrounding terrain (Line-of-sight
propagation).
 The frequency of signal in use.
 Timing limitations in some technologies (e.g., GSM is limited to
35 km, with 70 km being possible with special equipment)
 The transmitter's rated power.
 The required uplink/downlink data rate of the subscriber's device.
 The directional characteristics of the site antenna array.
 Reflection and absorption of radio energy by buildings or
vegetation.
 It may also be limited by local geographical or regulatory factors
and weather conditions.
 GSM, have a fixed maximum range of 35 kilometers (22 mi)
 CDMA and IDEN have no built-in limit, but it is possible to get
between 50 to 70 km (30–45 miles)
 FUNCTIONS OF BTS

 Radio resources
 Signal Processing
 Signaling link management
 Synchronization
 Local maintenance handling
 Functional supervision and Testing
 Controls the radio link
 encryption
 error control
 signal strength
BTS FUNCTION ARCHITECTURE
 CONT…
 BTS has three levels;
a) Antenna coupling level (ANC)
b) Trans receiver level (TRX)
c) Base station control function level (BSF)

 BTS is also referred to as the radio base

station (RBS), node B (in 3G Networks) or, simply,
the base station (BS). For discussion of the LTE
standard the abbreviation eNB for evolved node B
is widely used.
 GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OFBTS
A BTS in has the following parts:
 Transceiver (TRX) Quite widely referred to as the driver receiver (DRX), DRX
are either in form of single (sTRU), double(dTRU) or a composite double radio
unit (DRU). It basically does transmission and reception of signals. It also does
sending and reception of signals to and from higher network entities (like the
base station controller in mobile telephony).
 Power amplifier (PA) Amplifies the signal from DRX for transmission through
antenna; may be integrated with DRX.
 Combiner Combines feeds from several DRXs so that they could be sent out
through a single antenna. Allows for a reduction in the number of antennaused.
 Duplexer For separating sending and receiving signals to/from antenna. Does
sending and receiving signals through the same antenna ports (cables to antenna).
 Antenna This is the structure that the BTS lies underneath; it can be installed as it
is or disguised in some way (Concealed cell sites).
 Alarm extension system Collects working status alarms of various units in the
BTS and extends them to operations and maintenance (O&M) monitoring
stations.
 Control function Controls and manages the various units of BTS, including any
software. On-the-spot configurations, status changes, software upgrades, etc. are
done through the control function.
 Baseband receiver unit (BBxx) Frequency hopping, signal DSP, .
 ANTENNA COUPLING LEVEL (ANC)

 It is the stage between antenna & TRX.

 A single module called ANC performs function up to 4
RTXs.
 For higher capacity a COMBINER stage can be added.
 TRANS RECEIVER LEVEL (TRX)

 Trans-receiver equipment.
 Used for reception & transmission of RF signal.

 The Absolute Radio frequency channel number

(ARFCN) is allotted to one TRX & each ARFCN
is divided in 8 time slots, hence one TRX can
provide connection to 8 subscribers at a time.
 One BTS= 12TRX= 12 ARFCN= 12*8 =96 Users

So at a time only 96 users can make calls.

 BASE STATION CONTROL FUNCTION
LEVEL (BSF)
 This station is ensured by station Unit Module (SUMA):
central unit of BTS.
 Only one SUMA for one BTS.
 Generally clocks for all other BTS module for
synchronization purposes. Ex: Abis link…

BSF

SUMA
RF & BTS STRUCTURE
BTS CONFIGURATION
CONT…
 TYPES OF TOWER USED
– Self Supporting
– Monopoles
– Guys
TOWER SITE CONFIGURATION
 ANTENNAS USED
An Antenna is a device to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves
are often referred to as radio waves.
 ANTENNAS TYPES USED
Primary Antenna types in Wireless configurations
are:
 Omni Directional
 Broadcasts in all directions
 Examples are whip, helical and dipole
 Directional
 Broadcast in a single direction
 Examples are Yagi, and parabolic
 Leaky Coax
 Broadcasts along path of the coaxial cable
 Coaxial cable with the closely spaced slots in the outer
conductor allowing signals to penetrate to the
core

Leaky
Coax
 ELECTRICAL & MECHANICALTILT
 The tilt represents the inclination or
angle of the antenna to its axis.
 Electrical tilt is used for increasing or
decreasing of Beam radiation.
 (+)=> Tx & (-)=> Rx
 MECHANICAL TILT
 Mechanical
tilt is adjusted for maximum or
minimum coverage area radiation.
MULTI-INPUT MULTI-OUTPUT (MIMO) ANTENNAS

 Mobile MIMO antenna

 Directional Base station MIMO antenna

 Dual band Wi-Fi MIMO antenna

 Single band Omni directional MIMO antenna
2.4-5 GHz
 LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

 Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the world's leading 4G cellular

network technology.
 LTE's high data rates and low latency enable applications such as
streaming HD video, high definition Voice over LTE (VoLTE),
broadcasting, and public safety emergency response.
 Bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz.

 This makes LTE a natural upgrade path for carriers with both
GSM/UMTS and CDMA2000 networks.
 Bands currently in use range from 450 MHz to 2700 MHz, with
bands as high as 3.5 GHz.
 LTE MIMO antennas must be carefully designed in order to get
the full benefit of MIMO technology.