RESEARC

H
INQUIRY
 INQUIRY
Synonymous to ”investigation”. When a person
inquires or investigates, s/he tend to ask
questions to probe or examine something. One does
this kind of examination through the higher order
thinking skills of inferential and analytical,
critical, creative, and appreciative thinking to
discover more understandable or meaningful things
beyond such object of inquiry.
 RESEARCH
It is a scientific, experimental, or inductive
manner of thinking. Starting from particular to
more complex ideas, the researcher execute varied
thinking acts that range from lower-order to
higher-order thinking skills strategies reflected
by these research activities: identifying the
topic/problem, gathering data, making theories,
formulating hypothesis, analyzing data, and drawing
conclusion.
 One scholarly activity that greatly
involves inquiry is research. Similar to
inquiry, it starts from what one person
is ignorant about. Research makes one
learn something by means of problem-
solving techniques.
Both inquiry and research encourages
formulating questions that directs one to
the exact information needed to be
discovered with regards to the object of
curiosity.
QUANTITATIV
E
QUALITATIVE
 STANDARDS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Mental survey of Reality
Cause-Effect Relationship
Researcher’s
Involvement on the
Study
Expression of Data &
Findings
Research Plan
Behavior toward
Research
Aspects/Conditions
Obtaining knowledge
Purpose
Data-analysis Technique
Style of Expression
Sampling Technique
 STANDARDS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Results from social
Mental survey of Reality Exists in the physical world
interaction
Revealed by automatic
Explained by people’s
Cause-Effect Relationship descriptions of
objective desires
circumstances or conditions
Researcher’s
Subjective; sometimes Objective; least involvement
Involvement on the
personally engaged by researcher
Study
Expression of Data &
Verbal language Numerals & Statistics
Findings
Takes place as the
Plans all research aspects
Research Plan researcher proceeds
before collecting data
gradually
Behavior toward Desires to preserve the Control or manipulation of
Research natural setting of research research conditions by
Aspects/Conditions features researcher
Obtaining knowledge Multiple methods Scientific Method
Evaluates objectives and
Makes social intentions
Purpose examines cause-and-effect
understandable
relationships
CLASSIFICATIO
N
of
QUANTITATIVE
 EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
A quantitative research that treats or
deals with the object or subject of the
research in a definite or exact manner
and determines the extent of the effects
or influence of the treatment on the
subject/object, then discovers the
causes of such effects.
 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP – the one
which treatment or influence is
applied.
 CONTROL GROUP – one which does
not receive any treatment.
 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP – the one
which treatment or influence is
applied.
 CONTROL GROUP – one which does
not receive any treatment.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – those that
cause changes in the subject.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE – those that
bear or manifest the effects
caused by the independent
variable.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – those that
cause changes in the subject.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE – those that
bear or manifest the effects
caused by the independent
variable.
Do plants respond to music?
 CONTROLLED GROUP – plants not subjected to
music.
 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP – plants subjected to
music.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – different types
music (rock, classic)
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE – the height of the
plants.
 2 Categories of
EXPERIMENTAL
 TRUE
RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL – uses random
selection in determining which group
should compose the experimental group
or control group.
 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL – adopts
comparative technique in choosing the
subjects.
 QUASI – EXPERIMENTAL
 MATCHED COMPARISON – a group that has
similarities with the experimental group.
 TIME SERIES – giving a series of pretests and
post tests.
 SINGLE SUBJECT – controls treatment and condition
applied to just one individual or a group.
 COUNTER-BALANCED – control is applied to one
group to examine the effects of all treatment and
conditions to control variable.
 The objects of subjects involved in these
types of research are CHOSEN RANDOMLY or
SELECTED BY CHANCE, rather than by the decision
of the researcher.
In conducting an experimental research:
first, give a pretest to examine initial
condition of both groups; second, apply to the
experimental group a new condition; and third,
give the latter group a post test to determine
the effect or influence of the treatment or
condition applied on them.
 NONEXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
A way of finding out truths about
a subject by describing the
collected data about such subject
and determining their
relationships or connections with
one another.
 CHARACTERISTICS
 It is incapable of establishing cause-effect
relationships.
 It involves various ways of data analysis:
 Primary – analysis of data collected by the
researcher himself.
 Secondary – examination of data collected by
other people.
 Meta-analysis – analysis of data expressed
numerically.
 It uses research method that is applicable to both
quantitative and qualitative.
 TYPES OF NON-
SURVEY EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH – a method of research that aims at
knowing what a big number of people think and feel
about some sociological issues. Most use non-
experimental research in various fields.
1. To obtain information about people’s opinions and
feelings about an issue.
2. To identify present condition, needs, or problems of
people in a short span of time.
3. To seek answers to social problems
4. To give school officials pointers on curricular
offerings, guidance and counselling services,
teacher evaluation, and so on.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH – depicts an image or a picture of
an individual or group.
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH – states the differences or
similarities between and among people, things or
objects.
CORRELATIVE – shows the extent and direction of
variable relationship, that is, whether negative or
positive relationship exists between or among them.
EX POST FACTO – “that which is done afterwards” and has
the purpose of deriving data from the things that are
by nature, so as to obtain explanations about past
events.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH – morale of the students.
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH – one topic, at least two
population group or locale. The phenomenon as
experienced by one will be compared to the experience
of the other.
EX POST FACTO – how weight affects the self-esteem.
(Weight is the existing factor and is tested to a
dependent variable, the self-esteem.)
 CORRELATIVE RESEARCH

Positive Correlational – if an increase in one variable

leads to the increase of the other. Example, the amount
of money a person has is positive correlational to the
amount of cars he has.
Negative Correlational – if an increase in one leads to
the decrease of the other. Example, an improvement in
the education system can lead to the decrease of crime
rate.
No Correlation – a change in one variable does not
affect the other. Example, being a millionaire has no
correlation towards happiness.
 OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES:

Extraneous – factors in the experiment but not being studied on.

Confounding – factors not included however it affects the result
of the experiment.
Constant – do not undergo any changes during an experiment.
Attribute – characteristics of people: intelligence, creativity,
anxiety, learning styles.
Covariate – included in research study to create interactions with
the independent variable.
Continuous – quantitative in nature and is used in interval or
ratio scale measurement; infinite number of possible values.
Dichotomous – has only two possible result: one or zero.
Latent – cannot be directly observed like personality.
Manifest – can be directly observed to give proofs to latent
variable.
Exogenous – found outside an identified model.
Endogenous - found inside; as a part of identified model.
 FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

 Formulate a research problem that is researchable.

 See to it that the problem is stated clearly and
concisely.
 Have it focus on a general understanding of the topic.
 Construct a research problem, that mirrors the importance
of carrying out the research for finding the answers to
the problem.
 Let the problem state the variables and their
relationships with one another.
 Construct an introductory statement to present research
problem, which is the main problem of the research
 State research problems as informative questions, not in
the form of yes/no questions.
 Express in interrogative or declarative form.
 TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS – ask questions on the
kind, qualifications, and categories of the
subjects or participants.(survey & descriptive
research)
RELATION QUESTIONS – are questions about the
nature and manner of connection between or
among variables. (correlational, comparative,
ex post facto)
CAUSAL QUESTIONS – reasons behind the effects
of the independent variable on the dependent
variable. (experimental research)
APPROACHES:

DEDUCTIVE APPROACH – questions begin from

“hunches” or “predictions” or “expectations”
about the outcome of your research. (Goes from
bigger ideas such as theories or concepts to
smaller ideas)

INDUCTIVE APPROACH – starts from the smaller

and simple ideas to bigger or more complex
ones. (Focus on description of things to prove
an idea or a system)
HYPOTHESIS – A tentative explanation
or an answer to a question about
variables, their relationship, and
other facts involved in the
research.

Hypothesis has two categories, Null

Hypothesis and the Alternative
Hypothesis.
NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) – states the
absence of relationship between the
independent and the dependent
variable.

ALTERNATIVE HYOTHESIS (HA) – states

the relationship between the
independent and the dependent
variable, and the fact that the
first one affects the latter.
 Does the presence of a mentoring relationship
influence first-generation students’ intentions
to remain at their university?

HYPOTHESIS (Alternative)
The presence of a mentoring relationship
influences first-generation students’ intention
to remain at their university.

NULL HYPOTHESIS
The presence of a mentoring relationship does
not influence first-generation students’
intention to remain at their university.
TYPES:
Theory-driven vs. Data-driven – if based on existing
theory to explain the relationship of variables is
theory-driven; if it is based on the findings of
previous research studies, it is data-driven.
Directional vs. Non-directional – A directional
hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent variable. Non-
directional hypothesis predicts that the independent
variable will have an effect on the dependent variable,
but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Descriptive vs. Causal – specifies the relationship
between two variables due to the influence of something
is a descriptive hypothesis; due to cause-effect
relationship, it is causal.