Descent with Modification: A

Darwinian View of Life

• Overview: Darwin Introduces a Revolutionary
Theory
• A new era of biology began on November 24,
1859
– The day Charles Darwin published On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection
 Evidence of Evolution
• The Fossil Record

• Geographic Distribution of Living Things

• Homologous Body Structures

• Similarities in Early Development

Evidence for Evolution
• The Fossil Record-
Layer show change
• Geographic
Distribution of Living
Things
• Homologous Body
Structures
• Similarities in Early
Development
Evidence of Evolution
• The Fossil Record
• Geographic
Distribution of
Living Things-similar
environments have
similar types of
organisms
• Homologous Body
Structures
• Similarities in Early
Development
• Darwin’s interest in the geographic distribution
of species
– Was kindled by the Beagle’s stop at the Galápagos
Islands near the equator west of South America

England
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
PACIFIC ATLANTIC
OCEAN OCEAN

Galápagos AFRICA HMS Beagle in port

Islands

SOUTH
Darwin in 1840, AMERICA
after his return
AUSTRALIA

Cape of
Andes

Good Hope

Tasmania
Cape Horn
New
Zealand
Tierra del Fuego
Animals
 Homologous Structures
• Homologous Structures-structures that
have different mature forms in different
organisms, but develop from the same
embryonic tissue
 Evidence for Evolution
• Vestigial organs-organs that serve
no useful function in an organism
• i.e.) appendix, miniature legs, arms
 Anatomical Homologies

• Homologous structures between organisms

– Are anatomical resemblances that represent
variations on a structural theme that was present in a
common ancestor

Human Cat Whale Bat

 Anatomical Homologies

• Homologous structures between organisms

– Are anatomical resemblances that represent
variations on a structural theme that was present in a
common ancestor

Human Cat Whale Bat

Similarities in Early
Development
• Comparative embryology
– Reveals additional anatomical homologies not visible
in adult organisms

Pharyngeal
pouches

Post-anal
tail

Chick embryo Human embryo

• Anatomical resemblances among species
– Are generally reflected in their molecules, their
genes, and their gene products
Percent of Amino Acids That Are
Identical to the Amino Acids in a
Species
Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide

Human 100%

Rhesus monkey 95%

Mouse 87%

Chicken 69%

Frog 54%

14%
Lamprey
 Summary of Darwin’s Theory
• Individuals in nature differ from one
another

• Organisms in nature produce more offspring

than can survive, and many of those who do
not survive do not reproduce.
 Summary of Darwin’s Theory
• Because more organisms are produce than
can survive, each species must struggle for
resources

• Each organism is unique, each has

advantages and disadvantages in the
struggle for existence
 Summary (cont.)
• Individuals best suited for the environment
survive and reproduce most successful

• Species change over time

 Summary (cont.)

• Species alive today descended with modification

from species that lived in the past

• All organisms on earth are united into a single

family tree of life by common descent
Sigmund Freud
The Psychoanalytic Approach
 Background
• Began as a physician
• In seeing patients, began to formulate basis
for later theory
– Sexual conflicts were primary cause of all
neuroses
 Instincts
• Basic elements of the personality
• Life instincts: Serve purpose of survival
– Libido: Pleasurable behaviors
• Death instincts: Uncs drive to death and
destruction
– Aggressive drive: Compulsion to destroy,
conquer, kill
 Levels of Personality
• Conscious: Ordinary everyday meaning
• Preconscious: Between 2 layers
– Memories of which we are not consciously
aware, but can be easily called into
consciousness
• Unconscious: Instincts, wishes and desires
that direct all behaviors
 3 Part Model of Personality
• Id
– Pleasure principle
– Instinctual
• Ego
– Reality principle
– Mediator between id and superego
• Superego
– Morality principle
– Conscience
– Ego ideal: Moral ideal for a behavior to which a person
should strive
 Anxiety
• Feeling of fear and dread w/o an objective
cause
– Reality: Fear of tangible dangers in the real
world
– Neurotic: Conflict b/t id and ego
– Moral: Conflict b/t id and superego
 Defense Mechanisms
• Function: Used by ego to defend against
anxiety
• Involves distortion of reality
• Operate unconsciously
 Defense Mechanisms
• Repression
• Denial
• Reaction Formation
• Projection
• Regression
• Rationalization
• Displacement
• Sublimation
 Criticisms of Freud
• Deterministic, negative view of human
nature
• Flaws in case study approach
• Neglect of social factors in personality
• Emphasis on past to neglect of present and
future behavior
• View of women
• Ambiguous concepts
Contributions of Freud
• Contributed to empirical study
of psychology
• Role of uncs in behavior
• Role of childhood experiences
• Defense mechanisms
ST AND NATION BUILDING

• PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
• COLONIAL PERIOD
• POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
 ST began in the Philippines even before the
Spaniards
 Use plants an herbs as medicines
 Systems of fasrming and animal-raising
were also implemented
 Developed diff modes of transportation
 Complicated engineering feat was achieved:
terraces (Cordilleras), cultivation of plants
in the mountains
COLONIAL PERIOD
 Colonization by the Spaniards
 Provided modern means of construction,
infrastructures
 Developed health and education
 American occupation modernized almost all
aspects of life
 Established agency: Bureau of Science (for
the development of ST
POS-COLONIAL PERIOD
 Achieve independence
 Continue programs in ST
 Developed more in field works
 President F. Marcos
 Established many agencies in ST
 PAGASA- in place of Weather Bureau
 NAST
 Reconstituted NSTA (1958 as NSDB now
DST
QUESTIONS
 What do you think are the major
contributions of ST in the Phil nation-
building?
 What specific government policy do you
like the most in terms of contributing to the
development of ST in the Phils?
 What do you think are the major
contributions of the Philippines to the field
at present?
 What policies do you want the government
to implement in the near future?
STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

HUMAN FLOURISHING IN ST:

TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF
REVEALING