Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
07.03.2019
Part – 1: NUST Standard Thesis Process
3
Official Process
TH4
• Rectifying anything
TH3 if asked during
defense
• Data collection
TH2 • Re-analysis if
• Pilot survey required
• Detailed literature • Detailed survey • Updating the
TH1 review • Modeling and dissertation
• Analysis and simulation
• Basic literature • Analysis
synthesis of
review
published • Discussion and
• Formation of literature conclusion
research problem
• Gap area analysis
• Formation of
research objectives
5
Part-2: Writing a Research Paper
6
Content
• Why writing a research paper ?
• Where to publish ?
• Steps in the process of scientific writing
• The creation of a research paper
• Procrastination and writer’s block
• The review process
• How to maintain the publication flow ?
• Authors instructions
• Quick checklist before submission
• Fine-tuning your writing
Why writing a research paper ?
• Dissemination of results is a general requirement by
the research funder.
• Exchange of knowledge and expertise with
colleague scientists, locally and internationally.
• Used as instrument for evaluation of personnel.
• Career making (impact factors of journals !).
• Personal satisfaction.
• Etc.
Where to publish ?
• Of course in journals in your field for which the
manuscript is appropriate.
• Authors get the best feedback from more
prestigious journals.
• It is perfectly acceptable (especially for new writers)
to consider submitting work to journals that – while
still of high quality – are not the most prestigious.
Where to publish ?
• The chance that your material get published is
higher, but published in lower ranked journals. Doing
so will build confidence and credibility.
• The most important thing is to match your
manuscript with the most appropriate journal, given
the substantive fit and the writer’s circumstances
(new writer, experienced writer ...).
Where to publish ?
Different types of publications – And now: everything also possible in
electronic format!
• Books:
• Monographs
• Collection of papers (e.g. Proceedings)
• Series (e.g. Springer Tracts in...) – Journals
• Commercial journals
• Society journals
• Research journals
• etc.
(How to handle ? What will be the impact on the
quality status of journals ? How to define the impact
factor ? How to monitor ? Etc. A lot of unknown
elements but most likely the future !)
Steps in the process of
scientific writing
• Research is (hypotheses, objectives, methods, results,
analyses of data, interpretation of analysed data, preliminary
conclusions) completed.
• Writing the manuscript.
• Author sends article to journal/editor.
• Editor sends article to referees (validation by refereeing is
an important tool for quality control).
• If not rejected: some corrections may be required, but
finally paper is accepted and printed in journal (many months
after writing of the paper !).
The creation of a research paper
Parts of a Research Paper:
• Avoid
• A study of
• Investigations of
• Observations on
• Include
• A particular species
• A region
The creation of a research paper
Title:
• Statement of the question or problem
How smoking affects students' grade?
• Specific enough to describe the contents or subject matter but not
too technical
Effect of smoking on academic performance
• Summarizing the results can be effective
Students who smoke get lower grades
The creation of a research paper
Abstract:
Short summary of the paper
1. Purpose
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Conclusions
Include likely "search words" Less technical than the article
Don't use abbreviations or citations.
The creation of a research paper
Key words:
Examples:
“shear strength”, “risk assessment”, “seismic strengthening”,
“vulnerability”, “fragility”, “RC joints”, etc.
The creation of a research paper
Introduction:
• Provide
o Background information
o Significance of the problem
• Lead reader to understand the
o hypothesis and means of testing it
o Provide the context for your investigation
o State the question and hypothesis
o Hypothesis tentative explanation
o Research is to prove a hypothesis true or false
The creation of a research paper
Introduction:
• Introduction
o Discuss how the data will add knowledge to the field
o What specific questions you tried to address
• Don not introduce literature in general terms; need to be
informative
• Why is this study of scientific interest and what is your
objective
• Move from general to specific information
• The last sentences should be a statement of objectives and
a statement of hypotheses
The creation of a research paper
Methods:
• This section provides all the methodological details
necessary for another scientist to duplicate your work.
• It should be a narrative of the steps you took in your
experiment or study, not a list of instructions such as you
might find in a cookbook.
• An important part of writing a scientific paper is deciding
what bits of information needs to be given in detail. Do
not quote or cite your laboratory manual!
• Last paragraph provides statistical tests used
The creation of a research paper
Materials: