1.

Millatuz Zulfa
2. Siti Nur Hidayah
3. Anjar Pangestu
 Systemic Functional
Traditional (written) (written and spoken)
 Sentence  Clause
 Phrase
 Group
 Word
Clause as the largest grammatical  Word
unit, and a clause complex is two
more clauses logically connected
 Clause

Major Minor

Independent Dependent

Non
Eliptical Non Eliptical Embeded
Embeded
The principal types of minor clause are as follows:

Address (vocative)
• Rhonda, sweety cakes
Greeting
• Hi, Good day!
Exclamations
• Oh burger! Streuth!
Independent : can stand alone Dependent : can’t stand alone
Independent clauses relise speech Dependent clause must either be
function: initiated by a
• Make statement  Subordinating relator: e.g. since,
e.g: Tony is intellegent if, although, because
• Questions e.g: as he had thought
e.g: Who is the best man?  A relator Wh-word: e.g. who,
which, when
• Command
e.g: which made John rather
e.g: Open the door!
indignant
• Exclaim
 Relative word that
e.g: (that) he was doing them a
favour
 Who is the best man? Michael Jones (is the best man)
 Are they having a reception? Yes (they are having a
reception)
 Joanne’s mother began to cry and (she) was handed a
hanky

 Non-embedded
e.g: It’s my own invention – to keep sandwiches in
 Embedded
e.g: I needed something (to keep sandwiches in)
The clause complex is at the same rank as the clause. This means
the clause complex is not made up of clauses, but is rather a
clause that is extended by the addition of further clauses (by
iteration).

The clause is a multivariate structure (a structure made up of

different kinds of elements)

Clause complex is One or more clauses linked by tactic and

logico-semantic relations.

The clause complex is a univariate (serial) structure, where the

same element is repeated again and again by iterarion.
 Clause
Complex

Logico-
Semantic Taxis
Relationship

Expansion Projection Parataxis Hypotaxis

Elaboration Extention Enhancement Locution Idea

 Elaboration (=)
Providing additional information
(restatement, exemplification, comment, specifaying in greater
detail) {for example, namely,...}

e.g: This stew is awful = it’s too salty

 Extension (+)
Adding something new {but, and, or}

e.g: I play a French horn

+ and my sister plays oboe
 Enhancement (x)
Circumtantial relationship where the circumtancial
information is coded as new clause. {temporal,
causative, causal, consessive, spatial, manner,...}

e.g: (temporal)
I went to rehearsal
x after I lectured all day
(causal)
We didn’t have rehearsal on Monday
x because it was a public holiday
 Locution
(“) • I say that “You are beautiful”
Verbal {say, tell,
speak}

Idea (‘)
• He thought ‘what a good day’
Mental {see, hear,
think, remember}
Parataxis Hypotaxis
Clauses have an equal Clauses have a different
status (= coordinated status (main clause and
or juxtaposed clauses - dependent clause - α β)
1, 2, 3)
e.g: β When she graduated
e.g: 1 She graduated from
high school from high school,
α she undertook a trip
2 and then (she)
undertook a trip through through the country.
the country.