“Instrumentation and Process Control (2150504)”

ASSIGNED BY

Dr.J M Barad Prof. H.R.Ramchandani

Sr no. Name Enrollment No.

01 Atodaria Satyajeet 170840105002
02 Chisla Ignesh A. 170840105007
03 Chodvadia Keyur V. 170840105008
04 Gajjar Abhishek V. 170840105013
05 Gheewala Zenil M. 170540105014
 A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size
of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller.
 This enables the direct control of flow rate and the consequential control
of process quantities such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level.
 In automatic control terminology, a control valve is termed a "final
control element".
 Automatic control valve consists of three main parts in which each part
exist in several types and designs:
 Valve actuator - which moves the valve's modulating element, such as
ball or butterfly.
 Valve positioner - Which ensures the valve has reached the desired
degree of opening. This overcomes the problems of friction and wear.
 Valve body - in which the modulating element, a plug, globe, ball or
butterfly, is contained.
 The opening or closing of automatic control valves is usually done
by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators.
 Normally with a modulating valve, which can be set to any position between
fully open and fully closed, valve positioners are used to ensure the valve
attains the desired degree of opening.
 Air-actuated valves are commonly used because of their simplicity, as they
only require a compressed air supply, whereas electrically-operated valves
require additional cabling and switch gear, and hydraulically-actuated valves
required high pressure supply and return lines for the hydraulic fluid.
 The pneumatic control signals are traditionally based on a pressure range of
3-15psi (0.2-1.0 bar), or more commonly now, an electrical signal of 4-
20mA for industry, or 0-10V for HVAC systems.
 Electrical control now often includes a "Smart" communication signal
superimposed on the 4-20mA control current, such that the health and
verification of the valve position can be signalled back to the controller.
 The HART, Fieldbus Foundation, and Profibus are the most common
protocols.
 A huge variety of valve types and control operation exist. However, there are
two main forms of action; the sliding stem and the rotary action.
 The most common and versatile types of control valves are sliding-stem
globe, V-notch ball, butterfly and angle types.
 Their popularity derives from rugged construction and the many options
available that make them suitable for a variety of process applications.
Control valve bodies may be categorized as below:
 List of common types of control valve
 Sliding Stem
 Globe valve
 Angle body valve
 Angle seat piston valve

 Rotary
 Butterfly valve
 Ball valve

 Other
 Pinch valve
 Diaphragm valve
 In selecting pipeline valves, an important consideration is whether the valve
will be used for start-stop operations or for throttling. Water hammer—i.e., a
surge in pressure or change in momentum caused when a moving fluid
suddenly stops or changes direction—which may result from such operations
can cause damage to the valves and equipment involved. Choosing a valve
design which minimizes water hammer can mitigate the level of damage
suffered by the system and its components, and reduce the risk of complete
failure.
 Another important consideration is the nature of the fluid that will flow
through the valve. Fluids that contain particulates can have abrasive effects
on valves whose mechanisms are exposed to the fluid, a butterfly valve, for
instance. And for these fluids, a ball valve is a better choice owing to the
uninterrupted path it presents to the fluid. Corrosive fluids such
as chlorine add further complications to materials selection.
 Actuation is another topic that may or may not be of concern. A simple ball
valve in a small laboratory or in a residential setting may need nothing more
than a quarter-turn lever. A large gate valve in a process pipeline may need
electric or pneumatic actuation and all the electronics associated with
controlling it.
 An important consideration when replacing a valve is the face-to-face
distance between flanges, which can be clearly seen in the image above.
Generally, a valve needs to fit in the space between fixed pipes so this
dimension can be critical if modifications to existing piping are undesirable
and are to be avoided. Some manufacturers will offer their valves as direct
dimensional replacements for valves of other types.
 In their larger sizes, valves typically adhere to the standardized ASME
flanges for their connections. In smaller sizes, the connections can vary from
sanitary (Tri-clamp type) to compression type.
 Ports and ways refer to the number of passages into the valve, and for most
pipeline valves there are two. Ball valves are routinely available
with three or more ports and use a ball that has an “L” shaped passage.
 1. Gate Valves
 Gate Valves are designed to serve as isolation valves. These valves help to
control the flow of liquid through the pipes.
 To start or stop the water flow or any other kind of liquid, these valves are
affixed to the pipelines. Gate valves are used for various purposes and they
can be seen commonly in homes and commercial centers.
 Different materials such as stainless steel, cast iron, alloy steel, forged steel
etc are used to manufacture these valves.
 Gate valves are used to either halt or start the flow of water. Functioning of
gate valves includes the lifting of a circular of the rectangular gate out of the
fluid path.
 When gate valves are open, there will be nothing to obstruct the flow as the
pipeline diameter and gate have the same opening. The valve size can be
determined with this bore diameter.
 Gate valves are suitable to use in high temperature and pressure conditions
 They are used for on-off applications
 2. Globe Valves
 Globe Valves are among the most popular type of valves used in various
applications.
 These valves are similar to gate valves and use linear motion to throttle flow.
 They are used to control the flow in a pipeline and they regulate by the
position of a movable disk (or plug) in relation to the stationary ring seat.
 The major advantage of a globe valve is, it does not leak as much as other
valves.
 Globe valves are composed of a baffle that splits the inside of the pipe,
which is typically parallel to the pipe's length.
 They are named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of the
body being separated by an internal baffle.
 It consists of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a
generally spherical body.
 Applications:
Global valves are used primarily for throttling purposes. They may be
considered as general purpose flow control valves that are used for high-
temperature applications.
 3. Ball Valves
 As the name suggests, ball valves are valves that use a ball to control the flow of
substances from one opening to the next.
 These valves work by allowing the hole to be open, blocked, or open partially to
regulate the flow of gas/liquid. Ball valves are the ideal choice for using with
gases as they are able to offer better sealing.
 They are very versatile as they support pressures up to 700 bars and temperatures
up to 200°C and sizes typically range from 0.5 cm to 30 cm.
 They are easy to operate and repair as they contain a simple structure.

 They are designed with special measures that permit only a 90-degree rotation
which is required for the opening and closing of ball valves.
 These valves are a notable industrial choice because of their reliable and air-tight
sealing when in the closed position.
 Applications:
• Ball Valves are used for flow and pressure control and shut off for corrosive
fluids, slurries, normal liquid and gases.
• They are used in the oil and natural gas industry, but also find a place in many
manufacturing sectors, chemical storage, and even residential uses.
 4. Butterfly Valves
 Butterfly Valves are designed to regulate flow, but with limited control capability.

 Butterfly valves are easily operated by rotating a handle 90 degrees.

 It consists of a metal disc in the body of the valve which is positioned perpendicular
to the flow in the closed position. Regulation of liquid flow can be allowed through
intermediate rotations.
 Butterfly valves are configured to operate electronically, manually or pneumatically.

 They can be used for a broad range of applications within water supply, wastewater
treatment, fire protection and gas supply, in the chemical and oil industries, in fuel
handling systems, power generation etc.
 These valves can be operated by handles, gears or actuators according to specific
needs.
Applications:
• Butterfly valves can be used in pharmaceutical, chemical, and food processing
services.
• They are used for corrosive liquids at low temp and pressure.
 5. Check Valves
 Check Valves are also known as Non Return Valve (NRV). They allow liquid
to flow in one direction only and prevents back flow of media in the reverse
direction.
 The purpose of check valves is to prevent process flow from reversing in the
system which could damage equipment or upset the process.
 They are commonly found protecting pumps in liquid applications or
compressors in gas systems where backflow could cause the pump or
compressor to shut down. The basic design of a check valve reduces
backflow in a line.
 As they have a simpler design, they can operate without human interaction
and automation.
 They rely on the flow velocity of the fluid to open and close. The higher the
flow rate, the more open the valve will be until it reaches it maximum, full
open position.
 Applications:

• Check valves are used in a variety of markets and applications as they

contain simple design and versatile material options.
• They help to prevent backflow and maintain pressure.
• Check valves can be seen in industries such as refining, petrochemical,
chemical, etc., oilfield production, water, steam, refining petro, and viscous
fluids.
• They are also commonly found in waste-water management systems and in
manufacturing.
• Industrial Valves can be bought at affordable price rates from the global
manufacturers.
Industries
 They are used in many parts of daily mechanical devices, including in HVAC
and water systems in an office and the gasoline mechanism for an
automobile.
 Below are a few examples of the many industries in which valves play a
major role in proper operation.

Pipelines
 But there are hundreds of thousands of miles of crucial pipelines that
transport media from its source to the place where it will be transformed into
its final product.
 This media could include piping for crude oil and gas, both onshore and
offshore. Valves are used to optimize the pipeline operating conditions, and
can be found in the upstream, midstream and downstream section of the
piping.
 In this case, the choke is a specialized globe valve that is mounted on the
wellhead to regulate the output of the well. Midstream starts at the output of
the choke and ends at the fence of the final destination (usually a refinery).
 Oil and Gas
 The oil and gas industry is a subset of the pipelines category. Due to the high
demand for oil and gas, deeper wells, longer pipelines, and lower production
costs have become necessary.
 Along with the need for an inexpensive valve, the device must also be
tougher, last longer, and perform better to meet the demands of the industry.
 Valve service environments and operating conditions are often extreme with
high temperatures (greater than 1,500°F) and high pressure (greater than
25,000 psig) or cryogenic and very low pressure applications.
 Another feature important to valves used in the oil and gas industry is the
capacity for remote control.
Food and Beverage
 To keep plants running smoothly .The industry’s faces many challenges,
including safety concerns, have prompted strict material requirements for the
valves used in these plants.
 There are two classifications for valves in the food and beverage industry:
those in direct contact with food materials and those handling utility services
(i.e. steam, water).
 For valves which come into direct contact with food, there are regulations in
place (issued by such organizations as the FDA) which require that the inside
of the valve be smooth enough to avoid trapping particles or bacterial
accumulation.
 Valves made of a soft material must not absorb or hold any product going
through the valve.
 These standards also specify that there should not be dead volume in the
valve or crevices where material can be trapped to avoid decay or stagnate.
Valves in the food and beverage industry do not face the high pressures or
highly corrosive materials that are present in other industries.
 Biopharm Industry
 The biopharm industry is part of the larger chemical processing industry.

 The most important feature of valves used in this industry is their ability to be
cleaned and sterilized.
 The chemical processing industry is responsible for processing raw materials
into products. Since chemical processing often involves reactions using pressure
and/or heat, and could cause toxic by-products, the media in this industry tends
to be highly corrosive and abrasive.
 The valves need to be able to tolerate the nature of the media, as well as offer
precise flow control and high leakage protection to protect against spills and
cross-contamination.
Marine Industry
 As ships become larger and are used more frequently, they require the ability to
generate power, treat and manage wastewater and control HVAC, as well as
perform their required tasks.
 The size and application of the ship will determine the different types and
number of valves on board. Valves are used to regulate the loading and storage of
a ship’s power supply, provide water for fire-fighting capabilities, handle and
processes wastewater and store any liquid cargo, among many other applications