GEOTHERMAL POWER

PLANT
History of Geothermal Power Plant
• History says that the first use of geothermal energy occurred more
than 10,000 years ago in North America by American Paleo-Indians.
People used water from hot springs for cooking, bathing and cleaning.
• The first industrial use of geothermal energy began near Pisa, Italy in
late 18th century. Steam coming from natural vents (and from drilled
holes) was used to extract boric acid from the hot pools that are now
known as the Larderello fields.
• In 1904, Italian scientist Piero Ginori Conti invented the first
geothermal electric power plant in which steam was used to generate
the power.
What is a Geothermal Power Plant?
• Geothermal power plants are used in order to generate electricity by
the use of geothermal energy (the Earth's internal thermal energy).
They essentially work the same as a coal or nuclear power plant, the
main difference being the heat source. With geothermal, the Earth's
heat replaces the boiler of a coal plant or the reactor of a nuclear
plant.
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
• Dry Steam Power Plant
• Flash Steam Power Plant
• Binary Cycle Power Plant
DRY STEAM POWER PLANT
• Dry steam plants use steam directly from a geothermal reservoir to
turn generator turbines. The first geothermal power plant was built in
1904 in Tuscany, Italy, where natural steam erupted from the earth.
FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT
• Flash steam plants take high-pressure hot water from deep inside the
earth and convert it to steam to drive generator turbines. When the
steam cools, it condenses to water and is injected back into the
ground to be used again. Most geothermal power plants are flash
steam plants.
BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT
• Binary cycle power plants transfer the heat from geothermal hot
water to another liquid. The heat causes the second liquid to turn to
steam, which is used to drive a generator turbine.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
• Water Quality and Use
• Air Emission
• Land Use
WATER QUALITY AND USE
• Geothermal power plants can have impacts on both water quality and
consumption. Hot water pumped from underground reservoirs often
contains high levels of sulfur, salt, and other minerals. Most
geothermal facilities have closed-loop water systems, in which
extracted water is pumped directly back into the geothermal
reservoir after it has been used for heat or electricity production. In
such systems, the water is contained within steel well casings
cemented to the surrounding rock. There have been no reported
cases of water contamination from geothermal sites in the United
States.
AIR EMISSION
• The distinction between open- and closed-loop systems is important
with respect to air emissions. In closed-loop systems, gases removed
from the well are not exposed to the atmosphere and are injected
back into the ground after giving up their heat, so air emissions are
minimal. In contrast, open-loop systems emit hydrogen sulfide,
carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, and boron. Hydrogen sulfide,
which has a distinctive “rotten egg” smell, is the most common
emission.
LAND USE
• The amount of land required by a geothermal plant varies depending
on the properties of the resource reservoir, the amount of power
capacity, the type of energy conversion system, the type of cooling
system, the arrangement of wells and piping systems, and the
substation and auxiliary building needs.
SOURCES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• Hydrothermal Fluids
• Geopressurized Brines
• Hot Dry Rock
• Magma
HYDROTHERMAL FLUID
basically made up of hot water, steam and minerals. It is the only form
of energy currently being tapped for significant commercial heat and
electric energy supply.
GEOPRESSURIZED BRINES
- represent a special subset of hydrothermal fluids typically found at
depths exceeding 3 km and is characterized as hot water existing at
pressures above the normal hydrostatic gradient and containing
dissolved methane.
HOT DRY ROCK
• is a water free, impermeable rock at high temperature and practically
drilling depth to exact energy, high pressure water maybe injected
through one or more wells to create new or to enhance existing
natural fracture system with limited access to ground water flow.
MAGMA
• is characterized by or partially molten rock with temperatures
reaching as high as 1200°C.
PARTS OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
• Geothermal Vents
• Steam Generator
• Turbine
• Condenser
GEOTHERMAL VENTS
• The geothermal vent is the first component of a geothermal plant. A
geothermal vent is a deep well drilled into the Earth that the power
plant uses to tap into the Earth’s heat.
STEAM GENERATOR
• Another key component of a geothermal plant is the steam
production unit, which can take multiple forms. In a flash steam vent,
superheated pressurized water is drawn from its place underground
to low-pressure tanks.
TURBINE
• Regardless of the plant type, both flash steam and dry steam plants
pump the steam from the geothermal vent to a large turbine. The
steam passes this turbine, turning it in the process. This turbine is
attached to an electric generator, and as the turbine turns the
generator turns the mechanical energy into electric energy, thus
converting the heat from the Earth into usable electricity.
CONDENSER
• After the steam passes through the turbine, it continues to a condenser chamber.
This chamber condenses the steam back into liquid water by cooling it. The
excess heat lost as the steam turns to liquid water may be used for other
applications, such as heating or greenhouse farming. The cooled liquid water is
then typically pumped back into the ground to either restart the boiling process
for dry steam or to replenish the natural heated aquifer for flash steam plants.
GEOTHERMAL POWER IN THE PHILIPPINES
• PGPC (Philippine Geothermal Power Center). The Philippines is one of
the world's top producers of geothermal power, owing to its location
along the Ring of Fire zone of Pacific volcanoes. The country
commissioned the 12-megawatt Maibarara Geothermal Power Plant-
2 on March 9, 2018, in Santo Tomas, Batangas.
BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOTHERMAL POWER IN
THE PHILIPPINES
• The geothermal energy industry in the Philippines is quite a huge one.
In fact it is the largest producer of geothermal power in all of Asia-
Pacific.
• The country ranks second in the world in terms of geothermal energy
production. Geothermal energy accounts for a major share in the
electricity generating technology for Philippines. In the coming times
ahead, the generation of geothermal energy is set to increase to over
12,000 GWh in 2022.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 BACMAN
GEOTHERMAL POWER
PLANT
The Bac-Man Geothermal Production Field, also
known as the BacMan Geothermal Power Plant,
is one of the geothermal power stations operated
by Energy Development Corporation in the
provinces of Albay and Sorsogon in
the Philippines. It is named for its location in the
municipalities of Bacon and Manito.
MALITBOG
GEOTHERMAL POWER
STATION
The Malitbog Geothermal Power Station is a
232.5 MW geothermal power plant or an earth
steam turbined electric generator--the world's
largest geothermal power plant under one roof
located in Malitbog, Kananga, Leyte, Philippines.
The power plant is one of four operating in the
Leyte Geothermal Production Field.] The power
plants serve 10 million households in the Visayas
with an average of 160 kiloWatthour per
Household of 3 per month. The other 7 million is
served by the Panlipin-on Geothermal Power of
100 Megawatts.
UPPER MAHIAO
GEOTHERMAL POWER
PLANT
TIC-The Industrial Company was the managing partner
in a joint venture for the construction of this 118
megawatt (MW) power plant, located in the Upper
Mahiao region of Leyte Island in the Philippines.
Equipment included four 20 MW non-condensing
steam turbines and twelve 4.5 MW power-producing
OEC units.
MAHANAGDONG
GEOTHERMAL POWER
STATION
TIC-The Industrial Company was the EPC
contractor for the Mahanagdong geothermal
project, a 165 megawatt single-flash
geothermal power plant utilizing three
Toshiba turbine-generator sets.