FEED RESOURCES FOR

LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY

&
“AVAILABILITY TRENDS”
 Background

• Increase in demand of animal origin food

due to:
– Population growth
– Urbanization
– Changing consumer preferences
– Export potential
Livestock Products Consumption Growth in Pakistan

4000
M eat to tal

B eef
3000 M utto n
1000 tonnes

P o ultry

M ilk (/10)
2000

1000

0
1980 1990 2000 2015

Year
 Livestock Population
(Million No)

Species Pakistan

Buffalo 34.6
Cattle 39.7
Goat 66.6
Sheep 29.1
Camels 1
Horses 0.4
Mules 0.2
Donkeys 4.8
Livestock Census of Pakistan-2015
 Livestock & Poultry
Products
000 Tons

Product Pakistan
Milk 52632
Beef 1951
Mutton 671
Poultry Meat 1074
Eggs (million No.) 15349
Skins (000 No.) 53060
Hides (000 No.) 15368
Wool (000 Tons) 44.6
Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2015-16
Livestock Feed Availability & Demand in Pakistan
Current Situation
Feed Resources Feed Balance

16
Fodder Conc.
3% Grazing 14
15% 38% 12

million tons
10
8
6
4
2
0
Crop DM C.Protein TDN
Residue
44% Available Demand
Existing Deficiency of Nutrients for
Livestock
Dry Matter Total Digestible Crude Protein, Reference
(%) Nutrients, (%) (%)

13.42 19.13 29.46 NARC, 1976

- 23.52 - Gill, et.al. 1976

20.96 29.33 33.09 NARC, 1986

23.28 26.83 33.76 NARC, 2000

- 40.58 28.55 Hanjara, 1996

- 40.50 26.40 Afzal,et.al.1996

19.83 22.71 2.82 Pasha, 1998

(Punjab only)
- 24.02 38.1 Sarwar et.al. 2002
Feed Resources for Livestock

Fodders Crop
Grains/ Residues
Oilseeds
LIVESTOCK
FEED
By- Feed
Products Additives
Grazing
Areas
 FODDERS
• Summer • Winter
– Leguminous – Leguminous
• Cowpeas • Berseem
• Guara • Lucern
• Moth
• Jantar
– Non-Leguminous – Non-Leguminous
• Maize • Oats
• Sorghum • Barley
• Millets • Turnips
• Saddabahar • Sarson
• Mott grass • Rye grass
• Sugarcane tops
FODDER Practices
FODDER Practices
 FODDER Production

Punjab Sind NWFP Balochistan

81%

2%
4% 13%
Availability of Fodders During the Year
Seasonal availability of green fodder

25

20
Kg / Animal / Day

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
month
 Dry Roughages
• Wheat straw • Gram straw
• Rice straw • Rape seed/mustard
• Maize crop residue straw
• Millet straw • Linseed straw
• Sorghum stovers/leaves • Moong straw
• Barley straw • Mash straw
• Guar crop residue • Masoor straw
• Mattar straw

Hay of Barseem & Lucerne

 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF
STRAWS

• Nutritional quality is very poor because of:

– Deficient in Protein and energy
– Low palatability and low intake.
– Low digestibility and feed efficiency
– Containing higher quantities of indigestible fibre and
lignin
– Stay longer in the rumen, lowering the intake and
impede the ruminant productivity.

Straws DM % CP % CF% TDN %

Wheat Straw
92 2.00 41 45
Rice Straw
92 2.8 31 41
 Rangelands & Pastures

Region Area Area % Feeding

(M.ha) % of Animals

Punjab 8.20 40 30

Sindh 7.8 55 60

NWFP 6.10 60 45

Balochistan 27.4 79 80
 Rangelands & Pastures

• About 60% of the total area of the country is

rangelands.
• Sheep & goats obtain 60% of their feed from
rangelands
• Grasses, shrubs and tree leaves are the potential
feed reservoir for livestock in Pakistan and needs
improvement.
• Artificial reseeding, fertilization and other inputs
could provide good results.
 Forage Production &
Improvement

• Research facilities should be improved in the

fodder research stations and national policy for
fodder production should be devised.
• Superior forage germ-plasm should be identified
and propagated in the field.
• Collaboration between Crop and animal
production sector may improve the situation.
• Forage conservation (Hay & Silage making)
should be the common practice
Agro-Industrial by-
products
• Cotton seed cake & meal
• Rape seed cake & meal
• Sunflower cake & meal
• Linseed cake & meal
• Soybean meal
• Sesame seed cake
• Maize oil cake
• Maize gluten feed
• Wheat bran
• Rice bran
• Maize bran
• Rice polishing
• Cane molasses
• Palm Kernel Cake
• Coconut Cake
 Live stock sector
change
• Livestock sector has developed and
changed rapidly in response to

– Shifts in the global economy

– Rising incomes in many developing countries
and
– Changing societal expectations.
 Live stock sector
change
• The sector is increasingly expected to
– Provide safe and plentiful food for
Growing urban populations
– As well as public goods related to
• poverty reduction
• food security,
• environmental sustainability and public health

• These trends and the challenges were identified

a decade ago by Delgado et al. (1999), who
coined the term “livestock revolution”
 Livestock Feed
Industry of Pakistan

• More than 140 Feed mills in the country

• Only 10 major feed mills, producing
ruminant feed in private sector
• As a recent trend there is mushroom growth
of small feed mills making cattle concentrate
for local population of livestock.
• Generally home mixed concentrate are
prepared by livestock farmers
Feedstuff Prices Trend
(PKR/Kg)
Livestock Feed Prices
Trend (PKR/Kg)

955% Increase
 Feedstuff Prices Trend
(2000-2010)

Feedstuff Price (Rs/Kg) Price (Rs/Kg) % Increase

in 2000 in 2010
Wheat bran 3.5 16.50 371

CSC 6.0 24.50 308

Rice bran 3.25 7.5 131

Rice polishing 4.25 10.5 147

Molasses 3.25 11.25 246

Maize 5.0 20 300

 Feedstuff Prices Trend
(2005-2010)

Feedstuff Price (Rs/Kg) Price (Rs/Kg) % Increase

in 2005 in 2010
Wheat bran 7.5 16.50 120

CSC 11.0 24.50 123

Rice bran 5.5 7.5 36

Rice polishing 7.0 10.5 50

Molasses 6.5 11.25 73

Maize 9.0 20 122

 Raw materials for poultry

Raw % of Sources
Material Feed
Coarse grains 48 Maize, Rice tips, Sorghum & Wheat.

Cereal & ind. 18 Rice polishing, Rice bran, Wheat bran, Maize
by products bran & Molasses.
Vegetable 20 Soybean meal, Canola meal, Sunflower meal,
Proteins Rape seed meal, Guar meal, Cotton seed meal,
Sesame meal & Corn gluten meal.
Animal 7 Fish meal, Poultry by product meal, Meat meal.
Proteins
Others 5 Dicalcium Phosphate, Limestone, Bone meal.

Micro- 2 Vitamins, Minerals, Amino acids, Feed additives

Ingredients & Coccidiostats.
 Feed Ingredients used in
Feed

Maize

broken rice
11%
Wheat
4%
1% 27% Rape seed meal
3%
canola meal

8% Sunflower meal

Soybean meal
3%
Fish meal
11% Guar meal

3% 24% Sorghum/ millet

5%
Rice polishings
 Ingredients % inclusion Annual, M.Tons
Maize 45 2250000
Rice middling 6 300000
Rice Polishing 8 400000
Wheat bran 2 100000
Poultry Feedstuff & Soybean meal 6 300000
Annual Requirement Canola meal
Rapeseed meal
13
2
650000
100000
Sunflower meal 7 350000
Cottonseed meal 0.5 25000
Guar meal 3.6 180000
Corn Gluten meal 60% 0.2 10000
Corn Gluten meal 30% 0.25 12500
Fish meal 1 50000
Poultry byproduct meal 1.5 75000
NaCl 0.125 6250
Soda bicarb 0.025 1250
Mollases 0.26 13000
DCP 0.7 35000
Premix 0.45 22500
Misc 2 100000
Growth Promoter 0.05 2500
Coccidiostats 0.05 2500
Methionine 0.13 6500
Lysine 0.16 8000
100
 Future challenges for poultry
nutrition in Pakistan

• In 2020 Pakistan population will be 194 million

• Feed needed for increased Poultry Production
to meet protein requirement for ever increasing
population
• Increase in meat consumption with increased
per capita income
????????
where will this extra feed come from?
And, more importantly:
where will the raw materials for these feeds come from?
 SOLUTIONS
• Food and Agriculture
– Developments of Hybrid Seed
• High yielding varieties
• Drought resistant
• Seed availability
– Promotion of mechanization in agriculture
– Improve the agronomic practices to
• Further increase the per acre yield of
cereals.
 SOLUTIONS
• Poultry Industry
– Decrease Import of Cereals
– Contract farming for seed production e.g
Corn, Sorghum
– Facilitation to agriculture farmer
• Seeds
• Fertilizers
• Purchase of seed
– Introduction of new varieties like Grain
Sorghum
 SOLUTIONS

• Search for alternative feed ingredients

• Low cost unconventional feed resources to
– reduce feed cost
• Use of fiber, as an energy source in poultry diets
will be an important means to meet future feed
requirements
• Improved digestibility of unconventional feeds
through biotechnological approach
• Gut environment manipulation for better nutrient
utilization
 SOLUTIONS

• Strict quality control of feed production systems

• Poultry feed microscopy to prevent
adulterations
• Technologies such as solid state fermentation
complex enzyme systems hold the key to
closing the feed-availability gap and providing
the additional feed ingredients much needed by
the poultry industry
 SOLUTIONS

• Cost effective feed and water analytical

kits for on-farm use
• Nutritional packages for stressful
conditions for increased production
• Studies on Improved Protein and Energy
Utilization