1.

What the principle of potentiometric

methods ,voltametry, polarography
coulometry conductometry and
electrophoresis
•  The principle of potentiometry is based on measuring the electrical
potential between the indicator electrode and the electrode dipped in
solution.
•  Voltammetry method or polarography or polarographic analysis is
an electroanalysis method where information about the analyte is
obtained from the measurement of the current function potential.
The measurement technique is done by polarizing working electrode.
This method is an active method because of its measurement based
on controlled potential
•
Polarography
Polarometer, which is used to measure the magnitude of the angle of rotation of the plane-
applied light.
Principle: The light source used is usually a sodium vapor lamp that emits yellow light with a
specific wavelength (sodium D-line, 589.3 nm). The light will be polarized by the polarisator and
passed through sample cells that contain optically active compounds. Light will be rotated by
chiral compounds and emerge from the sample cell and move into the second motion filter
(analyzer). The filter has a degree scale and allows the operator to be able to measure between
the two filters so that the angle of light rotation, a, can be determined.
[a] = 100a / lc
[a]: Specific optical rotation
A: Measured rotation (degree)
L: Length of the sample tube (decimeter)
c: sample concentration
cairns, D. 2009. Intisari Kimia Farmasi. Jakarta: EGC
• Conductometric titration is based on quantitative analysis methods that
utilize the electrical conductivity of a solution. The amount of
conductivity obtained depends on several factors, including the number
of charged particles in solution, the type of ion present, the mobility of
the ionic media / solvent, temperature, ionic attraction and distance of
the electrode. Electrical conductivity is related to the movement of an
ion in solution, ions that move easily have a large electrical conductivity.
• In conductometry use two inert electrodes (platinum) to measure the
conductivity of an electrolyte solution between the two electrodes,
usually alternating current and a Wheatstone bridge balancer. The
conductivity of an electrolyte solution at each temperature depends on
the ions present and the concentration of the ions.
• Lestari,Listyana Cahya dkk.2013.Potensiometri dan
Konduktometri.Institut Pertanian Bogor
Coulometry
as the name implies, is analysis based on the amount of electric charge caused
by the electrolysis process. Referring to Faraday's law, the total charge (Q) is:
Q=Ixt
The method is generally carried out by the titration process.
Mulyasuryani. 2012. Basic Electroanalytic and Application. Yogyakarta: IKPI
Eletrophorensis
is a cellular molecular separation technique based on size.
Electrophoresis techniques can be used for DNA analysis (carried out by the
principle of linear electrophoresis), RNA and protein (the principle is the same,
only the gel used is polyacrylamide gel).
Yowono, T. 2010. Molecular Biology. Jakarta: Eirlangga
2.What are the different from electrochemical analysis including
potentiometetric methods voltammetry polarography coulometry
conductometry and electrophoresis?

potentiometetric methods
Potentiometry is a method of chemical analysis, as the name suggests,
which involves measuring the potential of a Galvani cell (a redox reaction
that produces electricity)
electrophoresis
Eletrophorensis is a cellular molecular separation technique based on
size
Yowono, T. 2010. Biologi Molekular. Jakarta: Eirlangga
polarography
 Principle: The light source used is usually a sodium vapor lamp that
emits yellow light with a specific wavelength (sodium D-line, 589.3
nm). The light will be polarized by the polarisator and passed
through sample cells that contain optically active compounds. Light
will be rotated by chiral compounds and emerge from the sample
cell and move into the second motion filter (analyzer).
Voltammetry
developed by incorporating analogue and electronic electronic pontensiostat.
Mulyani, R. 2012. Studi voltrametri siklik sodium dedocyl benzene sulfonate dalam
berbagai elektroda dan elektrolit pendukung. Bandung
coulometry
analysis based on the amount of electrical charge caused by the electrolysis
process. Referring to Faraday's law
Mulyasuryani. 2012. Elektroanalitik Dasar dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: IKPI
conductometry
based on quantitative analysis methods that utilize the electrical conductivity of a
solution.
Lestari,Listyana Cahya dkk.2013.Potensiometri dan Konduktometri.Institut
Pertanian Bogor
3.What are advantage and disavantage from
potentiometetric methods voltammetry polarography
coulometry conductometry and electrophoresis?

• Potentiometric
(+) selective, sensitive, thorough and the detection limits are quite low.
Conducting analysis that is fast, easy, only requires a small sample and simple
equipment such as a potentiometer / pH-meter suitable for field and on-line
analysis
selektif, peka, teliti dan teliti serta batas deteksinya cukup rendah. Melakukan
analisisnya yang cepat, mudah, hanya dibutuhkan sampel sedikit serta
peralatan sederhana seperti potensio/pH-meter cocok untuk analisis
lapang dan on line
• (-) Accurate mixing of standard volumes or samples to be taken is required. more
complicated calculations are needed. The concentration of the sample must be
known
Sumber :Atikah,dkk.2015. Development Potentiometric Sensor-Coated Wire Cyanide
Ion Selective Electrode Based Aliquat336 MembranesFor Determination Cyanide In
Gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennus)
Voltammetry
(+) In voltammetry techniques, a given potential can be adjusted as needed. The
strengths of this technique are its high sensitivity, low detection limit and wide linear
area. During the measurement process, the concentration of the analyte is practically
unchanged because only a small portion of the analyte is electrolyzed.
Dalam teknik voltametri, potensial yang diberikan dapat diatur sesuai keperluan.
Kelebihan dari teknik ini adalah sensitifitasnya yang tinggi, limit deteksi yang rendah
dan memiliki daerah linier yang lebar. Selama proses pengukuran, konsentrasi analit
praktis tidak berubah karena hanya sebagian kecil analit yang dielektrolisis.
• (-) more complicated calculations are needed, the concentration of the
sample must be known
Mulyani, R. 2012. Studi voltrametri siklik sodium dedocyl benzene
sulfonate dalam berbagai elektroda dan elektrolit pendukung. Bandung
Polarography
• (+) Memiliki sensitivitas dan selektivitas tinggi untuk logam yang
mudah teroksidasi atau tereduksi
• Memerlukan instrumentasi yang sederhana dan modal dan
operasional biaya yang murah.
(-) It is dangerous to not work carefully as it uses Hg (Mercury) as a
comparative electrode.
•  coulometry
• (+) Coulometric titration has the advantage that constant current sources for the
generation of titrants are relatively easy to make.
• The electrochemical generation of a titrant is much more sensitive and can be much
more accurately controlled than the mechanical addition of titrant using a burette drive.
For example, a constant current flow of 10 µA for 100ms is easily generated and
corresponds to about 10 micrograms of titrant.
• The preparation of standard solutions and titer determination is of course no longer
necessary.
• (-) variation of current during electrolysis
• - departure from 100% current efficiency
• - error in measurement of current
• - error in measurement of time
• - titration error (difference in equivalence point and end point)
Taylor.2015.Precise Coulometric Titration of Acids and Bases
•conductivity :
•(+)
•Simple
•Broad selectivity.
•Indicators are not required, since changes of solution conductance measured by the
conductivity meter.
•It is suitable for the turbid suspensions, diluted, and colored solution.
•By graph plotting, the endpoint can be determined.
•Provide accurate results with minimum errors.
•Suitable for the analysis of weak bases, weak acids, a combination of strong & weak acids
•Throughout the titration, the temperature is maintained constant
•(-)
•High concentration is not possible to measure with this method.
•A Solution is required to be diluted for measurement.
•Less accurate than other methods.
•Changes in salt level enhanced conductivity in the solution mask.
•Less satisfactory than other methods
•Riyono,SH.2016.Beberapa Metode Pengukuran Klorofil Fitoplankton di Laut.Oseana Vol 31(3)
• electrophoresis
(+)
• Simple, inexpensive equipment
• Cheap to run
• Commercially produced gels
• Multiple samples in parallel on the same gel
(-)
• Low resolution
• High molecular weight species
• Not fully automated
• Time consuming & laborious- gel preparation, separation, staining and destaining, gel drying
• Gel must be treated to visualise
• Yowono, T. 2010. Molecular Biology. Jakarta: Eirlangga
4.What are the electrochemical cell?
• A pair of electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution constitutes an
electrochemical cell, which is occasionally called a Galvanic cell after
L. Galvani
• Hermin.2017.Analisis Kualitatif
5.What are the application of potentiometetric methods
voltammetry polarography coulometry conductometry
and electrophoresis?
• Potentimetric
Potentiometric determination of moxifloxacin in some pharmaceutical formulation
using PVC membrane sensors
to determine the difference between the potential of two electrodes.
Sumber :Hefnawwy.2014. Potentiometric determination of moxifloxacin in some
pharmaceutical formulation using PVC membrane sensors
voltammetry
applications of voltammetry to the analysis of trace metals and other ions of interest
to environmental scientists are reviewed.
Sumber : Richardson.2013. Applications of voltammetry in environmental science
•  polarography
Polarography is used to identify numerous types of organic compounds and to study
chemical equilibria and rates of reactions in solutions.
conductometry
Application of conductometry methods:
1. Determination of the content of a substance in the sample.
2. Separation of hazardous metals present in water.
3. Measuring the conductivity of electrolyte solutions such as wastewater
4. To determine the solubility and solubility product of an electrolyte that conductometry
DETERMINATION OF UREA IN BLOOD SERUM WITH CONDUCTET BIOSENSOR Screen
Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE)
Sumber: DETERMINATION OF UREA IN BLOOD SERUM WITH CONDUCTET BIOSENSOR
Screen Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE)
• Coulometry
Used for detection of all compounds that contain oxidizable or
reducable moietics.

George,Harigan.Metabolic Profile its Role in Bomolecul

•  electrophoresis
• Science and technology applications nuclear research and
development in pharmaceutical science, especially in non-clinical and
clinical trials medicinal compounds or medicinal ingredients
• Sumber : Nanny.dkk.2018. APLIKASI IPTEK NUKLIR DALAM
PENGEMBANGAN OBAT BAHAN ALAM
• Electrophoresis techniques can be used for DNA analysis (carried out
by the principle of linear electrophoresis), RNA and protein (the
principle is the same, only the gel used is polyacrylamide gel).
Yowono, T. 2010. Molecular Biology. Jakarta: Eirlangga