A Crash Course

on
BIOLOGY
The Cellular
Theory of
Life
Robert
Hooke
Coined the term “cell”
Membran
e
-Plasma membrane
-semi permeable
 CYTOPLASM
Protoplas - Protoplasm
outside the
m nucleus
KARYOPLASM
 Mass of jellylike material - Protoplasm
 Contains the organelles inside the
of the cell nucleus
Mitochondri
a
- The powerhouse of the cell
Ribosome
s
- Protein factories of the cell
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
- Manufacturers and shippers of the cell
 Golgi
Apparatus
- Packaging counter of the cell
Vacuole
s
- Storage tanks of the cell
Lysosome
s
- Suicide Bags of the Cells
Centrosome
s
- Helpers in cell division
 *Cell
Wall
-rigid wall outside of the plasma membrane
*Plastid
s
CHROMOPLASTS – colored
LEUCOPLASTS - colorless
Nucleus
 Control center of the cell
 Contains the DNA
Nucleus
 PROKARYOTIC: no nuclear membrane
 EUKARYOTIC: with nuclear membrane
 Constant internal
Homeosta environment is
maintained and
sis regulated
regardless of
external changes.
Diffusi Movement of
molecules from an
on area of higher
concentration to an
area of lower
concentration
Osmosi
s
 All chemical
Metabolis processes taking
place within a living
m system
TISSUE
S
A group of similar cells functioning together
  Epitherial
Animal  Connective
and
Tissues Supportive
 Muscular /
Contractile
 Nervous
  Meristematic
Plant  Permanent

Tissues
The Human
Body
Systems
Integumentary
System

- EPIDERMIS outermost
layer
- DERMIS thicker inner layer
- SWEAT GLANDS
-
Skeletal System
- ENDO vs EXO
- PERIOSTEUM
- MARROW
- JOINTS
- 206 vs 350+
 Skeletal System
clavicle SCAPULA humerus
RADIUS ulna CARPALS
metacarpals PHALANGES
pelvis FEMUR patella TIBIA
fibula TARSALS metatarsals
Muscular System

-SKELETAL
-CARDIAC
-SMOOTH
 Digestive System
MOUTH (teeth and tongue, saliva, ptyalin)
ESOPHAGUS (epiglottis, peristalsis)
STOMACH (gastric juice, chyme)
SMALL INTESTINE (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
PANCREAS (pancreatic juice)
LIVER (bile)
GALL BLADDER
LARGE INTESTINE (colon, rectum, anus)
 Circulatory System
BLOOD (plasma, erythrocytes,
leucocytes, thrombocytes)
BLOOD VESSELS (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
HEART (pericardium, atria, ventricles,
septum, aorta, superior vena cava,
inferior vena cava)
Respiratory System
OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE
LUNGS
 Excretory System

KIDNEY (filtration and reabsorption)

URETER
BLADDER
URETHRA
SPHYNCTER MUSCLE
 Nervous System
NEURONS (afferent,
efferent, associative)
BRAIN (brain stem,
cerebrum, cerebellum,
spinal cord
 Endocrine System
GLANDS (secretion)
HORMONES

- Pituitary
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Thymus
- Adrenal
- Pancreas
- Gonads
 Reproductive System
TESTOSTERONE
ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE

TESTES
SCROTUM
SPERMATOZOA

OVARIES
FALLOPIAN TUBE
UTERUS
OVUM
 The
Fertilization
Process
Fertilization → zygote → embryo → fetus
CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
CELL DIVISION
MEIOSIS

Occurs during
formation of egg
and sperm
Reproduction of
chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes

46 chromosome = 44 autosomes + 2
sex chromosomes
Male = 44 autosomes + X + Y
Female = 44 autosomes + X + X
Twins
IDENTICAL TWINS
- Started as a single, fertilized
cell

FRATERNAL TWINS
- Separate eggs fertilized by separate
sperms
EVOLUTIO
N
Geologic Timetable
Precambrian
Paleozoic (Age of Invertebrates,
Fishes, Amphibians)
Mesozoic (Age of Reptiles)
Cenozoic (Age of Mammals and
Humans)
Fossil Preserved
remnant or trace
s of a once living
thing
Taxonomy
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
 Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Hierarch
Order
y Family
Genus
Species
 Use of only the
Binomial
genus + specie
Nomenclatur
name
e
Ex.: Homo Sapiens
PLANT KINGDOM
BRYOPHYTES primitive land plants
TRACHEOPHYTES vascular plants
• Ferns
• Seed plants
o Gymnosperms
o Angiosperms
Monocotyledone
Dicotyledon
PLANT KINGDOM

ROOTS = anchorage, absorption

STEMS = transport nutrients
LEAVES = food-manufacturers
FLOWERS = reproductive organ
• Stamen = male
• Pistil = female
Stigma
ANIMAL KINGDOM

Porifera // The Sponges

Coelenterata // The Hydra
Platyhelmenthes // Flatworms
Nemathelminthes //
Unsegmented Roundworms
ANIMAL KINGDOM

Annelids // Earthworm
Mollusca // Soft-bodied
animals
Arthropoda // Animals with
jointed legs
ANIMAL KINGDOM

Echinodermata // Spiny-
skinned animals
Chordata // The Vertebrates
 Cyclostomata
 Chondrichthyes
ANIMAL KINGDOM

 Osteichthyes
 Amphibia
 Reptilia
 Aves
 Mammalia
Ecolog
y
 Environment
Biospher where living
e organisms exist
 Community of
Ecosyste living organisms
m and their non-
living
environment
 How energy is
transmitted
through an
Food ecosystem.
Chain Energy follows a
one-way path.