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TRANSLATION

A COURSE OUTLINE
LECTURE CONTRACT
1. 14 meetings for a semester + Mid-term Test + Final Examination
2. There will be reducing score of Participant for absence in
each meeting.
3. Student must turn the Projector/LCD on before lecturer enters the
class.
4. Student must have monolingual (Eng-Eng) and bilingual dictionary
(Eng-Ind and Ind-Eng).
DESCRIPTION
This course is designated to provide students with the basic
theory and practice of translation from English to Bahasa
Indonesia and conversely. The practice tends to translate
various kinds of texts; descriptive, narrative, expository,
argumentative, and comparison and contrast text.
GOAL
Acquiring and practicing the theory in translation of
various kinds of texts; descriptive, narrative,
expository, argumentative, and comparison and
contrast text.
WHAT TO LEARN
1. The definition of translation
2. Types of translation
3. Method and Techniques
4. Translating narratives text
5. Translating descriptive text
6. Translating expository text
7. Translating argumentative text
8. Translating comparison and contrast text
REFERENCE
• Catford, J. C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. England: Oxford
Press.
• Newmark, P. (1988). Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
• T. Bell, Roger & Christopher Candlin. (1993). Translation and Translating:
Theory and Practice. UK: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
• Widdowson, H. G. (1979). Explorations in Applied Linguistics. England:
Oxford University Press.
EVALUATION
(𝟐𝐱𝐏)+(𝟑𝐱𝐓)+(𝟐𝐱𝐔𝐓𝐒)+(𝟑𝐱𝐔𝐀𝐒)
NA=
𝟏𝟎

Huruf Angka Skala 0 – 100


A 4 86 – 100
A- 3,7 81 – 85
B+ 3,3 76 – 80
B 3 71 – 75
KONVERSI B- 2,7 66 – 70
C+ 2,3 61 – 65
C 2 56 – 60
D 1 40 – 55
E 0 0 – 39
DEFINITION
• Translation is the transfer of a text from Source Language (SL) into a text
in the Target Language (TL).
• It is an exchange of information between the users of different languages
by producing in the target language (TL or the translating language) a text
which has an identical communicative value with the source (or original)
text (SL).
• Translation is a means of multilingual communication.
• It is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics
Translation is the transfer of a text from Source Language (SL)
into a text in the Target Language (TL).
The extra-linguistic components of the situation of
translation are:
• the source language (SL) sender,
• the target language (TL) receiver,
• the translator (who, in one person, combines the function of SL
receiver and TL sender), and
• the historical, geographical, social, and cultural context of the SL and
the TL.
3 Aspects of Translation

1. Accuracy 2. Acceptance
Aspects Aspects

3. Legibility
Problem set 1

Hi, How are you


Vagina or Penis
John?

Gado-gado pergi ke dokter


PROCESS OF TRANSLATING

ORIGINAL TEXT
ANALYZING DRAFTING
(Source Language)

TRANSLATION TEXT
REVISING FINALIZING (Target Language)
Translation “interpretation studies” can be:
1. written translation of a written text
2. oral translation of a written text (sight translation)
3. oral translation of a spoken text (interpretation)
4. written translation of a spoken text
METHODS OF
TRANSLATION
METHODS OF TRANSLATION:
LITERAL VS IDIOMATIC
form-based
kinds of translation:
meaning-based

• Form based • Meaning-based


is to follow the form of the source is to communicate the meaning
language and is known as literal of the source language text in the
translation. natural forms of the receptor
language and is known as
Idiomatic translation.
Literal Vs. Idiomatic Translation
Literal Idiomatic Translation
• in literal translation, the SL • Idiomatic translation reproduces the
grammatical constructions are 'message' of the original but tends
converted to their nearest TL to distort nuances of meaning by
equivalents but the lexical preferring colloquialisms and idioms
words are again translated where these do not exist in the
singly, out of context. original.
• It means that when the
translator translates, the words
are translated literally from SL
into TL.
Literal Vs. Idiomatic Translation
• Example: • Example:
• (SL) Jangan bawa hatiku. • (SL) Ini sangat mudah.
(TL) Don’t bring my heart. (TL) It’s a piece of cake.
LITERAL VS IDIOMATIC
• Literal
Example:
Aku ingin berdansa denganmu

I want to dance with you


KINDS OF TRANSLATION:
LITERAL VS IDIOMATIC

• Idiomatic
Example:
• Omong-omong -> By the way

• Ini hal yang sangat gampang. -> It’s a piece of cake.


Problem Set 2.
Select which one of the following statements belong to either literal
or idiomatic translation!

1. Ada sejumlah anak laki-laki sedang menunggu di luar.


There are a number of boys waiting outside
2. Dia tidak percaya kalau hantu itu ada.
He doesn’t believe that ghosts exist.
3. Yang benar saja
Give me a break
4. Suharto telah meninggal dunia dengan tenang.
Suharto has peacefully passed away.
Problem Set 2.
Select which one of the following statements belong to either literal
or idiomatic translation!

5. Bersatu kita teguh, bercerai kita runtuh.


United we stand, divided we fall.
6. Awas kaca!
Fragile!
7. Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut.
My name is not important right now.
Problem Set 2.
Select which one of the following statements belong to either literal
or idiomatic translation!

8. Dia wanita yang berjiwa kuat.


She is a woman of steel.

9. Dia akan melupakan semua itu pada akhirnya.


He’ll forget all of it by and by.

10. Dia mendapatkan uang tak peduli halal atau haram.


He earned money by hook or by crook.
3. Word for Word Translation
• the main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the
mechanics of the source language or construe a difficult text as a pre
translation process

• Example: (SL) I can run.


(TL) Saya bisa lari
4. Faithful Translation

a faithful translation attempts to reproduce • Example:


the precise contextual meaning of the
• (SL) Raden Ajeng Kartini adalah orang
original within the constraints of the TL Jawa.
grammatical structures.
(TL) Raden Ajeng Kartini is a Javanesse.
Example of faithful method of translation

it can be seen that the meaning of the text and the


structures of the sentences are equal between SL and TL.
Translating for children should be translated as clear as
possible in order to give information normally.
5. Semantic Translation
Semantic translation is applied to • Example:
emphasize the aesthetic value within
• (SL) Dia adalah orang yang gemar
the text which is the characteristic of belanja.
semantic method of translation
• (TL) She is a shopaholic.
Example of semantic method of translation

semantic is almost similar to faithful translation but it is


different on the aesthetic value of the SL text.
6. Adaptation Translation
• this is the freest form translation. • Example:
It is used to translate literary
works (comedies, poetry, short • (SL) The rising sun is found not to
story, narrative, etc.) and the SL be rising sun. It is the world which
culture is converted to the TL goes around.
culture and the text rewritten.
• (TL) Matahari terbit ternyata
bukan matahari terbit. Dunialah
yang sebenarnya mengorbit.
7. Free Translation
• Free translation is part of in TL Emphasis • Example:
which reproduces the matter without
the manner, or the content without the • (SL) sambil menyelam minum air.
form of the original.
(TL) Killing two birds with one stones.
• Usually it is a paraphrase much longer
• (SL) She was robbed of her jewels
than the original, a so-called ‘intralingua
yesterday.
translation’, often wordy and
exaggerated. (TL) Kemarin permata-permatanya
dirampok.
8. Communicative Translation
Communicative translation tries to Example:
render the exact contextual meaning of
the original in such a way that both • (SL) Awas ada anjing!
content and language are readily
(TL) Beware of dog!
acceptable and comprehensible to the
readership.

• (SL) She put the egg down


(TL) Pelan-pelan ia diletakkannya kembali
telur itu
PROBLEM SET 3.
What kinds of translation methods used in the following texts?

No. Source Language Target Language


1. You'll be crazy when you read it. Kamu akan menjadi gila ketika kamu baca itu.
2. “I never wrote you any letters!” “Aku tidak pernah menulis surat apapun
untukmu!”
3. Shchumpkin's mouth fell open with Mulut Shchumpkin seperti terbuka dengan
amazement and alarm. kekaguman dan alarm.
4. You'll be crazy when you read it. Kau akan terperangah ketika membacanya.
5. That's nothing much! Tak masalah!
6. "He's rising!" “Dia bangun!”
COMPARING LITERAL TRANSLATION WITH
COMMUNICATIVE-IDIOMATIC

• When do we use literal translation?


• When do we use communicative or
dynamic translation?
When literal translation is strongly suggested.

You are what you read.


Kamu adalah apa yang kamu baca.
(literal)

Apa yang kamu baca itu akan menunjukkan siapa dirimu sebenarnya.
(communicative)
When communicative & dynamic translation
is strongly suggested and highly recommended

It’s a piece of cage


Ini sepotong kue
Ini hal yang sangat gampang

Awas kaca!
Beware of glass!
Glass. Don’t touch!

Dia masih kosong


She’s still empty
She has no boyfriend
Aquos, unmistakably Japanese
Aquos, produk Jepang yang tak bisa salah.
Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna

Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut


For this time my name is not necessary to mention
I don’t think I have to mention my name right know
My name is not important right now.

Pamanya adalah anggota banteng


His uncle is the member of buffalo
His uncle is the member of PDIP
“It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A translator may
express some parts of his translation (words, phrases, clauses, sentences) in
very natural forms (idiomatic, dynamic, communicative), and then in other
parts fall back into a literal form”
(Larsen, 1984: 17)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
STYLISTIC SCALE and TRANSLATION

Degree of Formality

source language target language


(original text) (translation text)

Officialese Officialese
Official Official
Formal Formal
Neutral Neutral
Informal Informal
Colloquialism Colloquialism
Slang Slang
Taboo Taboo
EXAMPLE
Officialese The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically
prohibited in this establishment.
Official The consumption of nutriments is prohibited.
Formal You are requested not to consume food in this establishment.
Neutral Eating is not allowed here.
Informal Please don't eat here.
Colloquial You can't feed your face here.
Slang Lay off the nosh.
Taboo Lay off the fucking nosh.
THE DYNAMIC OF TRANSLATION
Three Most Essential Qualities of a Good
Translation

1. Accuracy
Example:
This refers to the precise understanding (SL) A whole school of poetry,
of the source message and the transfer
of the message meaning as accurate as (TL) Sekolah-sekolah puisi
possible into the (TL) the translation is not accurate, it is better
to be translated into
(TL) suatu aliran puisi tersendiri
Three Most Essential Qualities of a Good
Translation

2. Clarity
Easy to understand. The translation Example:
should be clear and understandable.
The translator aims to communicate (SL) “How nice this scenery is!”
the message in a way that people can
readily understand (TL) “Alangkah indahnya pemandangan itu”
Three Most Essential Qualities of a Good
Translation
3. Naturalness Example:
The translation should make sense, read (SL) She worked hard at whatever she did.
naturally which is written in ordinary
language, the common grammar, idioms, (TL) dia bekerja keras apapun yang dikerjakan
and words that meet that kind of situation.
the translation seems unnatural compared with
The use of natural Target Language (TL) in (TL) Apapun yang dilakukannya selalu dengan
the translation is expected to be natural and
sungguh-sungguh.
not sound strange.

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