Building

Services – 1

Siddharth Dhiman
Architect & Urban Planner
 UNIT – 1
WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION
About water : SYSYTEM

• 97 % of the water on the earth is salt water. However, only 3% is fresh water; slightly over 2/3 of this is frozen in glaciers
and polar ice caps.
• The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as ground water, with only a small fraction present above ground or in
the air.
• On the surface of earth 71% is covered by seas and oceans and remaining 29% is occupied by land.
• Fresh water is renewable resources.

Distribution of water on earth :

 Sources of Water

Surface Water Ground Water

i. Lakes i. Open wells

ii. Ponds ii. Tube wells
iii. Streams iii. Artesian wells
iv. Rivers iv. Springs
v. Storage Reservoir v. Infiltration
 Surface Water
• Surface water is water on the surface of the planet such as in a river, lake, wetland, or ocean. It can be
contrasted with ground water and atmospheric water.
• Non-saline surface water is replenished (fill something up again) by precipitation and by recruitment from
groundwater. It is lost through evaporation, seepage into the ground water it becomes ground water, used by
plants for transpiration, extracted by mankind for agriculture, living, industry etc or discharged to the sea
where it becomes saline.

Ponds Lakes

Streams Rivers
 Ground Water

• Ground Water is the water present beneath Earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock
formations.

Open well :
Artesian well :
• A well is an excavation or
• An artesian aquifer is trapped water,
structure created in the ground
surrounded by layers of impermeable
by digging, driving, or drilling to
rock or clay which apply positive
access liquid resources, usually
pressure to the water contained within
water.
the aquifer.
• The oldest and most common
• A well drilled into such an aquifer is
kind of well is a water well, to
called an artesian well. If water reaches
access groundwater in
the ground surface under the natural
underground aquifers. Open Well pressure of the aquifer, the well is
Tube well : termed a flowing artesian well.
• A tube well is a type of water
well in which a long, 100–200
mm wide, stainless steel tube or
pipe is bored into an
underground aquifer.
• The lower end is fitted with a
strainer, and a pump lifts water
for irrigation. The required Tube Well
depth of the well depends on Artesian Well
the depth of the water table.
Infiltration galleries :
• Infiltration galleries may be used to collect water from the aquifer underlying a river.
• Water from an infiltration gallery has the advantage of bank filtration to reduce the water treatment requirements for a
surface withdrawal.
• An infiltration gallery may also be the best way to withdraw water from a thin aquifer or lens of fresh water overlying
saline water.

Uses of Water

Partial Consumptive Non - Consumptive

Consumptive use
use use

i. Irrigation use i. Domestic use i. Navigational use

ii. Industrial use ii. Recreational use
iii. Institutional use iii. Hydro electric
iv. Public use power generation
v. Fire demand iv. Pollution control
 Over use of water

• Rapid population growth and increasing water consumption for agriculture, industry and domestic have strained the
world’s fresh water resources.
• Water disputes between the Indian states are increasing as they have to meet the increase demand due to overuse of
water.
• Due to expanding human population, competition for water is growing such that many of the worlds aquifers are
becoming depleted, this is due to overuse of water.

Conservation of water

• Excessive and unplanned use of water has depleted our water resources.
• Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities made to manage fresh water as a sustainable
resource, to protect the water environment and to meet current and future human demand.
• Hence, there is immediate need for the conservation of water.

Domestic Conservation

• Close faucets while soaping and rinsing cloths.

• Use waste water in flush
• Keep overflow valve in the overhead tanks.
• Use sprinkle irrigation in your garden.
• Avoid flushing unnecessarily.
 Industrial conservation

• Install waste water treatment plant in the factory.

• Reuse cooling water for gardening and irrigation.
• Develop new plant processes which require less water.
• Reuse water when it is discharged from various processes.
• Check the efficiency of your water equipment on regular basis.

Agricultural conservation

• Improved methods of irrigation like drip irrigation and sprinkle irrigation must be used.
• Conventional flooding methods of irrigation should be discouraged.
• Avoiding excess irrigation.
• Reducing losses from canals by constructing structures like ; check dams, gully plugging.
 Water impurities

The impurities present in water can be classified as follows:

Inorganic salts : Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride,

Nitrate etc.
Dissolved

Organic Matters : Pesticides, Detergents etc.

Colloidal (organic & inorganic) : Clays, Acids.

Suspended Inorganic : Sand Particles.

Organic : Industrial, Domestic by products.

Micro – Organism : (Bacteria, Algae, Viruses, etc.)

Living Matter

Macro – Organism : (Fish, Shrimps, Worms, etc.)

 Waste water treatment

• When effluent discharged into a river body such as lake, river or sea a number of process occur like physical, chemical
and biological characteristics of water change which cause loss of organism.
• Large quantity of bio-degradable waste can affect living organism in the water bodies in which waste are discharged.
• The treatment procedure are generally divided into three groups :-

1. Primary treatment or Mechanical treatment.

2. Secondary treatment or Biological treatment.
3. Tertiary treatment or Chemical treatment.
 Primary Treatment

• In primary treatment suspended solids and floating material is removed. Effluent is passes through a screen
which is used to floating certain materials like wood pieces, plastic, paper etc. Then effluent is passed through
chamber which is known as Grit chamber.
• Fatty and oily substance can be removed by floatation method. In order to trap fatty and oily substance a
instrument called Centrifugal separator is used in this process fatty substance are reached to outside.
• The water is passed in the settling tank in which water remain for a long time in which suspended particles
are settled down, this process is known as Sedimentation.
• Sedimentation can be accelerated by adding chemical substance known as Coagulant like Alum.

Primary Treatment

Physical treatment Chemical treatment

• Screening • Sedimentation
• Grit Chamber • Coagulation
• Floatation or Skimming tank • Flocculation
• Filtration
 Physical Treatment

Physical and chemical waste water treatment techniques are

techniques to remove the coarse fraction.

Oil, fatty acids and suspended solids could be removed by the

use of the following techniques ;

• Screening
• Grit Chamber
• Skimming tank or Floatation

Screen Chamber :
Screen Chamber remove dead animals, branches of tree, logs of
wood, rags and other coarse floating material.

The effluent is passed through the bar screens rag removal. In

this section, two automatic bar screen cleaners remove large Screen Chamber
solids ( rags, plastics etc. ) from the raw sewage. The collected
material is placed in dumpsters to be taken later to the landfill.
 Grit Tanks

Grit include sand, ash, egg shell etc of diameter less than 0.2 mm.
These tanks reduce the velocity of the effluent so that heavy particles may fall to the bottom. The solids are
pumped to an auger pump which separates the water from the grit while the water moves onward. The grit
(mostly inorganic solids) goes to a dumpster which is taken to a landfill. There are two complete grit
removal systems which are rotated in operation for equal hours.
 Skimming Tanks

• Fats, waxes, fatty acids, soap, minerals and vegetable oil present in waste water are collectively called as oil
and grease. As oil and grease are lighter than water they are normally separated by natural flotation.
• The bubbles of air are passed on the bottom of the tank and floating matter rises and remain on the surface
of waste water which can be separated easily.
 Chemical Treatment

• Settling down of suspended particles at the bottom of water is called Sedimentation. This process is
also known as Clarification.

• In this process water is collected into big pond, slowly-slowly impurities are settled down by
gravitation. The process of sedimentation can be accelerated by adding Alum.

The main objectives of Sedimentation are ;

• The suspended and colloidal impurities are separated in sedimentation tank by gravitation.
• It reduce heavy sediment load before treating water for other purposes.
• The main principle of sedimentation is to allow water to rest or flow at a very slow velocity. So that
heavier particles settle down due to gravity.
• The process of settling of particles depend mainly on velocity of flow, size, shape and specific gravity of
particles and viscosity of liquid.
• The velocity of water decreased by increasing the length of flow. This principle is used in the process
of sedimentation.
• The size and shape of particles are increased by formulation of precipitates because of addition of
coagulants.
• In plain sedimentation, heavier particles settled down. However fine particles take many hours or
sometimes days to settle down.
 Coagulation

Coagulation is the process in which certain chemical agent is mixed with water then colloidal and
suspended particles are agglomerated and form insoluble metal hydroxide known as flocks.

Filtration

• Filtration is done in order to remove colloidal and suspended matter remaining after sedimentation and
to remove bacteria load.
• The process of filtration usually consist of allowing the water pass through thick layer of sand or pours
material which retain coarse impurities on its surface and in pores.
• The apparatus used for filtration is called filter and the porous material that fill the filter is known as
filtering medium.
Types of filter :

1. Rapid sand filter

2. Pressure filter
Rapid sand filters :-
Rapid sand filters have filter rates 40 times those of slow sand filters.
The major parts of a rapid sand filter are:
• Filter tank or filter box
• Filter sand or mixed-media
• Gravel support bed
• Underdrain system
• Wash water troughs
• Filter bed agitators

The filter tank is generally constructed of concrete and is most often rectangular. Filters in large plants are
usually constructed next to each other in a row, allowing piping from the sedimentation basins to feed the
filters from the central pipe gallery. Some smaller plants are designed with filters forming a square of four
filters with a central pipe gallery feeding the filters from a center wall.
Pressure Filters :
Pressure filters fall into two categories: pressure sand and diatomaceous earth filters. Pressure filters
are used extensively in iron and manganese removal plants.
A pressure sand filter is contained under pressure in a steel tank, which may be vertical or horizontal,
depending on the space available.